Memory Changes part 2 (ryubing/ryujinx!123)

See merge request ryubing/ryujinx!123

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/BiquadFilterHelper.cs

@@ -26,12 +26,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
             uint sampleCount)
         {
-            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numeratorSpan = parameter.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> denominatorSpan = parameter.Denominator.AsSpan();
-            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             
-            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
             for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
             {
@@ -64,12 +67,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             uint sampleCount,
             float volume)
         {
-            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numeratorSpan = parameter.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> denominatorSpan = parameter.Denominator.AsSpan();
-            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             
-            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
             for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
             {
@@ -107,12 +113,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             float volume,
             float ramp)
         {
-            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numeratorSpan = parameter.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> denominatorSpan = parameter.Denominator.AsSpan();
-            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             
-            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
             float mixState = 0f;
 
@@ -158,12 +167,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
 
                 ref BiquadFilterState state = ref states[stageIndex];
                 
-                float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                Span<short> numeratorSpan = parameter.Numerator.AsSpan();
-                float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                Span<short> denominatorSpan = parameter.Denominator.AsSpan();
-                float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
-                float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-                float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numeratorSpan[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+                float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominatorSpan[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
                 {
@@ -201,19 +213,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             uint sampleCount,
             float volume)
         {
-            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numerator0Span = parameter0.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numerator1Span = parameter1.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> denominator0Span = parameter0.Denominator.AsSpan();
+            Span<short> denominator1Span = parameter1.Denominator.AsSpan();
             
-            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             
-            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator0Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator0Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator0Span[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
-            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator0Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator0Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator1Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator1Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator1Span[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator1Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator1Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
             for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
             {
@@ -261,19 +279,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             float volume,
             float ramp)
         {
-            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numerator0Span = parameter0.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> numerator1Span = parameter1.Numerator.AsSpan();
-            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            Span<short> denominator0Span = parameter0.Denominator.AsSpan();
+            Span<short> denominator1Span = parameter1.Denominator.AsSpan();
             
-            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator0Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator0Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator0Span[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
-            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator0Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator0Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
-            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator1Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
-            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator1Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(numerator1Span[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator1Span[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(denominator1Span[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
 
             float mixState = 0f;
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/AdpcmDataSourceCommandVersion1.cs

@@ -40,11 +40,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             SampleRate = serverState.SampleRate;
             Pitch = serverState.Pitch;
             
+            Span<Server.Voice.WaveBuffer> waveBufferSpan = serverState.WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+
             WaveBuffers = new WaveBuffer[Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount];
 
             for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
             {
-                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref serverState.WaveBuffers[i];
+                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref waveBufferSpan[i];
 
                 WaveBuffers[i] = voiceWaveBuffer.ToCommon(1);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/CircularBufferSinkCommand.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter.Sink;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.MemoryPool;
+using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
@@ -29,9 +30,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             Input = new ushort[Constants.ChannelCountMax];
             InputCount = parameter.InputCount;
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < InputCount; i++)
             {
-                Input[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + parameter.Input[i]);
+                Input[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
             }
 
             CircularBuffer = circularBufferAddressInfo.GetReference(true);

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/CompressorCommand.cs

@@ -43,10 +43,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             OutputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = _parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = _parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < _parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + _parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
-                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + _parameter.Output[i]);
+                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + outputSpan[i]);
             }
         }
 
@@ -172,9 +175,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
                         statistics.MinimumGain = MathF.Min(statistics.MinimumGain, compressionGain * state.OutputGain);
                         statistics.MaximumMean = MathF.Max(statistics.MaximumMean, mean);
                         
+                        Span<float> lastSamplesSpan = statistics.LastSamples.AsSpan();
+
                         for (int channelIndex = 0; channelIndex < _parameter.ChannelCount; channelIndex++)
                         {
-                            statistics.LastSamples[channelIndex] = MathF.Abs(channelInput[channelIndex] * (1f / 32768f));
+                            lastSamplesSpan[channelIndex] = MathF.Abs(channelInput[channelIndex] * (1f / 32768f));
                         }
                     }
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/DataSourceVersion2Command.cs

@@ -53,11 +53,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             SampleRate = serverState.SampleRate;
             Pitch = serverState.Pitch;
             
+            Span<Server.Voice.WaveBuffer> waveBufferSpan = serverState.WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+
             WaveBuffers = new WaveBuffer[Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount];
 
             for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
             {
-                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref serverState.WaveBuffers[i];
+                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref waveBufferSpan[i];
 
                 WaveBuffers[i] = voiceWaveBuffer.ToCommon(2);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/DelayCommand.cs

@@ -43,10 +43,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             OutputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = Parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + Parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
-                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + Parameter.Output[i]);
+                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + outputSpan[i]);
             }
 
             DataSourceHelper.RemapLegacyChannelEffectMappingToChannelResourceMapping(newEffectChannelMappingSupported, InputBufferIndices, Parameter.ChannelCount);

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/DepopPrepareCommand.cs

@@ -42,14 +42,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             ref VoiceUpdateState state = ref State.Span[0];
 
             Span<float> depopBuffer = DepopBuffer.Span;
+            Span<float> lastSamplesSpan = state.LastSamples.AsSpan();
 
             for (int i = 0; i < MixBufferCount; i++)
             {
-                if (state.LastSamples[i] != 0)
+                if (lastSamplesSpan[i] != 0)
                 {
-                    depopBuffer[OutputBufferIndices[i]] += state.LastSamples[i];
+                    depopBuffer[OutputBufferIndices[i]] += lastSamplesSpan[i];
 
-                    state.LastSamples[i] = 0;
+                    lastSamplesSpan[i] = 0;
                 }
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/DeviceSinkCommand.cs

@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputCount = sink.Parameter.InputCount;
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[InputCount];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Math.Min(InputCount, Constants.ChannelCountMax); i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + sink.Parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
             }
 
             if (sink.UpsamplerState != null)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/LimiterCommandVersion1.cs

@@ -38,10 +38,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             OutputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = _parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = _parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < _parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + _parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
-                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + _parameter.Output[i]);
+                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + outputSpan[i]);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/LimiterCommandVersion2.cs

@@ -49,10 +49,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             OutputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = _parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = _parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < _parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + _parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
-                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + _parameter.Output[i]);
+                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + outputSpan[i]);
             }
         }
 
@@ -150,8 +153,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
                         {
                             ref LimiterStatistics statistics = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, LimiterStatistics>(ResultState.Span[0].SpecificData)[0];
 
-                            statistics.InputMax[channelIndex] = Math.Max(statistics.InputMax[channelIndex], sampleInputMax);
+                            Span<float> inputMaxSpan = statistics.InputMax.AsSpan();
-                            statistics.CompressionGainMin[channelIndex] = Math.Min(statistics.CompressionGainMin[channelIndex], compressionGain);
+                            Span<float> compressionGainMinSpan = statistics.CompressionGainMin.AsSpan();
+                            
+                            inputMaxSpan[channelIndex] = Math.Max(inputMaxSpan[channelIndex], sampleInputMax);
+                            compressionGainMinSpan[channelIndex] = Math.Min(compressionGainMinSpan[channelIndex], compressionGain);
                         }
                     }
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MixRampGroupedCommand.cs

@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 
         public void Process(CommandList context)
         {
+            ref VoiceUpdateState state = ref State.Span[0];
+            
+            Span<float> lastSamplesSpan = state.LastSamples.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < MixBufferCount; i++)
             {
                 ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndices[i]);
@@ -87,15 +91,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
                 float volume0 = Volume0[i];
                 float volume1 = Volume1[i];
 
-                ref VoiceUpdateState state = ref State.Span[0];
-
                 if (volume0 != 0 || volume1 != 0)
                 {
-                    state.LastSamples[i] = ProcessMixRampGrouped(outputBuffer, inputBuffer, volume0, volume1, (int)context.SampleCount);
+                    lastSamplesSpan[i] = ProcessMixRampGrouped(outputBuffer, inputBuffer, volume0, volume1, (int)context.SampleCount);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    state.LastSamples[i] = 0;
+                    lastSamplesSpan[i] = 0;
                 }
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/PcmFloatDataSourceCommandVersion1.cs

@@ -43,9 +43,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 
             WaveBuffers = new WaveBuffer[Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount];
             
+            Span<Server.Voice.WaveBuffer> waveBufferSpan = serverState.WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
             {
-                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref serverState.WaveBuffers[i];
+                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref waveBufferSpan[i];
 
                 WaveBuffers[i] = voiceWaveBuffer.ToCommon(1);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/PcmInt16DataSourceCommandVersion1.cs

@@ -43,9 +43,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 
             WaveBuffers = new WaveBuffer[Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount];
             
+            Span<Server.Voice.WaveBuffer> waveBufferSpan = serverState.WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
             {
-                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref serverState.WaveBuffers[i];
+                ref Server.Voice.WaveBuffer voiceWaveBuffer = ref waveBufferSpan[i];
 
                 WaveBuffers[i] = voiceWaveBuffer.ToCommon(1);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/Reverb3dCommand.cs

@@ -66,10 +66,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             OutputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = Parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + Parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
-                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + Parameter.Output[i]);
+                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + outputSpan[i]);
             }
 
             // NOTE: We do the opposite as Nintendo here for now to restore previous behaviour

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/ReverbCommand.cs

@@ -64,10 +64,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
             InputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             OutputBufferIndices = new ushort[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = Parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
             {
-                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + Parameter.Input[i]);
+                InputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + inputSpan[i]);
-                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + Parameter.Output[i]);
+                OutputBufferIndices[i] = (ushort)(bufferOffset + outputSpan[i]);
             }
 
             IsLongSizePreDelaySupported = isLongSizePreDelaySupported;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/DataSourceHelper.cs

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                 {
                     int tempBufferIndex = 0;
 
-                    if (!info.DecodingBehaviour.HasFlag(DecodingBehaviour.SkipPitchAndSampleRateConversion))
+                    if ((info.DecodingBehaviour & DecodingBehaviour.SkipPitchAndSampleRateConversion) != DecodingBehaviour.SkipPitchAndSampleRateConversion)
                     {
                         voiceState.Pitch.AsSpan()[..pitchMaxLength].CopyTo(tempBuffer);
                         tempBufferIndex += pitchMaxLength;
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                                     break;
                                 }
 
-                                if (info.DecodingBehaviour.HasFlag(DecodingBehaviour.PlayedSampleCountResetWhenLooping))
+                                if ((info.DecodingBehaviour & DecodingBehaviour.PlayedSampleCountResetWhenLooping) == DecodingBehaviour.PlayedSampleCountResetWhenLooping)
                                 {
                                     playedSampleCount = 0;
                                 }
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
 
                     Span<int> outputSpanInt = MemoryMarshal.Cast<float, int>(outputBuffer[i..]);
 
-                    if (info.DecodingBehaviour.HasFlag(DecodingBehaviour.SkipPitchAndSampleRateConversion))
+                    if ((info.DecodingBehaviour & DecodingBehaviour.SkipPitchAndSampleRateConversion) == DecodingBehaviour.SkipPitchAndSampleRateConversion)
                     {
                         for (int j = 0; j < y; j++)
                         {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/UpsamplerHelper.cs

@@ -41,11 +41,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             }
 
             Array20<float> result = new();
+            Span<float> resultSpan = result.AsSpan();
 
             for (int i = 0; i < FilterBankLength; i++)
             {
                 float x = (Bank0CenterIndex - i) + offset;
-                result[i] = Sinc(x) * BlackmanWindow(x / FilterBankLength + 0.5f);
+                resultSpan[i] = Sinc(x) * BlackmanWindow(x / FilterBankLength + 0.5f);
             }
 
             return result;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                 Debug.Assert(state.History.Length == HistoryLength);
                 Debug.Assert(bank.Length == FilterBankLength);
                 
+                Span<float> bankSpan = bank.AsSpan();
+                Span<float> historySpan = state.History.AsSpan();
+
                 int curIdx = 0;
                 if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated)
                 {
@@ -88,15 +92,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                     while (curIdx < stopIdx)
                     {
                         result += Vector.Dot(
-                            new Vector<float>(bank.AsSpan().Slice(curIdx, Vector<float>.Count)),
+                            new Vector<float>(bankSpan[curIdx..(curIdx + Vector<float>.Count)]),
-                            new Vector<float>(state.History.AsSpan().Slice(curIdx, Vector<float>.Count)));
+                            new Vector<float>(historySpan[curIdx..(curIdx + Vector<float>.Count)]));
                         curIdx += Vector<float>.Count;
                     }
                 }
 
                 while (curIdx < FilterBankLength)
                 {
-                    result += bank[curIdx] * state.History[curIdx];
+                    result += bankSpan[curIdx] * historySpan[curIdx];
                     curIdx++;
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandGenerator.cs

@@ -141,18 +141,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing();
 
-            if (supportsOptimizedPath && voiceState.BiquadFilters[0].Enable && voiceState.BiquadFilters[1].Enable)
+            Span<BiquadFilterParameter> biquadFiltersSpan = voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan();
+
+            if (supportsOptimizedPath && biquadFiltersSpan[0].Enable && biquadFiltersSpan[1].Enable)
             {
                 Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                 Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(baseIndex, biquadFiltersSpan, stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
             }
             else
             {
-                for (int i = 0; i < voiceState.BiquadFilters.Length; i++)
+                for (int i = 0; i < biquadFiltersSpan.Length; i++)
                 {
-                    ref BiquadFilterParameter filter = ref voiceState.BiquadFilters[i];
+                    ref BiquadFilterParameter filter = ref biquadFiltersSpan[i];
 
                     if (filter.Enable)
                     {
@@ -312,11 +314,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             int nodeId = voiceState.NodeId;
             uint channelsCount = voiceState.ChannelsCount;
             
+            Span<int> channelResourceIdsSpan = voiceState.ChannelResourceIds.AsSpan();
+            Span<BiquadFilterParameter> biquadFiltersSpan = voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan();
+
             for (int channelIndex = 0; channelIndex < channelsCount; channelIndex++)
             {
-                Memory<VoiceUpdateState> dspStateMemory = _voiceContext.GetUpdateStateForDsp(voiceState.ChannelResourceIds[channelIndex]);
+                Memory<VoiceUpdateState> dspStateMemory = _voiceContext.GetUpdateStateForDsp(channelResourceIdsSpan[channelIndex]);
 
-                ref VoiceChannelResource channelResource = ref _voiceContext.GetChannelResource(voiceState.ChannelResourceIds[channelIndex]);
+                ref VoiceChannelResource channelResource = ref _voiceContext.GetChannelResource(channelResourceIdsSpan[channelIndex]);
 
                 PerformanceDetailType dataSourceDetailType = PerformanceDetailType.Adpcm;
 
@@ -476,7 +481,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     for (int i = 0; i < voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization.Length; i++)
                     {
-                        voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization[i] = voiceState.BiquadFilters[i].Enable;
+                        voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization[i] = biquadFiltersSpan[i].Enable;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -526,15 +531,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             if (effect.IsEnabled)
             {
+                Span<float> volumesSpan = effect.Parameter.Volumes.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> inputSpan = effect.Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> outputSpan = effect.Parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < effect.Parameter.MixesCount; i++)
                 {
-                    if (effect.Parameter.Volumes[i] != 0.0f)
+                    if (volumesSpan[i] != 0.0f)
                     {
                         _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
-                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + inputSpan[i],
-                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + outputSpan[i],
                             nodeId,
-                            effect.Parameter.Volumes[i]);
+                            volumesSpan[i]);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -554,6 +563,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             {
                 int i = 0;
                 uint writeOffset = 0;
+                
+                Span<byte> inputSpan = effect.Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> outputSpan = effect.Parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (uint channelIndex = effect.Parameter.ChannelCount; channelIndex != 0; channelIndex--)
                 {
                     uint newUpdateCount = writeOffset + _commandBuffer.CommandList.SampleCount;
@@ -571,8 +584,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(
                         bufferOffset,
-                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        inputSpan[i],
-                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                        outputSpan[i],
                         ref effect.State,
                         effect.IsEnabled,
                         effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
@@ -620,6 +633,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             Debug.Assert(effect.Type == EffectType.BiquadFilter);
             
+            Span<byte> inputSpan = effect.Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = effect.Parameter.Output.AsSpan();
+
             if (effect.IsEnabled)
             {
                 bool needInitialization = effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.Invalid ||
@@ -639,8 +655,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         (int)bufferOffset,
                         ref parameter,
                         effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
-                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        inputSpan[i],
-                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                        outputSpan[i],
                         needInitialization,
                         nodeId);
                 }
@@ -649,8 +665,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             {
                 for (int i = 0; i < effect.Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
                 {
-                    uint inputBufferIndex = bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i];
+                    uint inputBufferIndex = bufferOffset + inputSpan[i];
-                    uint outputBufferIndex = bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i];
+                    uint outputBufferIndex = bufferOffset + outputSpan[i];
 
                     // If the input and output isn't the same, generate a command.
                     if (inputBufferIndex != outputBufferIndex)
@@ -702,6 +718,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 int i = 0;
                 uint writeOffset = 0;
                 
+                Span<byte> inputSpan = effect.Parameter.Input.AsSpan();
+
                 for (uint channelIndex = effect.Parameter.ChannelCount; channelIndex != 0; channelIndex--)
                 {
                     uint newUpdateCount = writeOffset + _commandBuffer.CommandList.SampleCount;
@@ -719,7 +737,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(
                         bufferOffset,
-                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        inputSpan[i],
                         effect.State.SendBufferInfo,
                         effect.IsEnabled,
                         effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion2.cs

@@ -218,7 +218,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
         public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
         {
-            return _biquadFilters[0].Enable || _biquadFilters[1].Enable;
+            Span<BiquadFilterParameter> biquadFiltersSpan = _biquadFilters.AsSpan();
+            return biquadFiltersSpan[0].Enable || biquadFiltersSpan[1].Enable;
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -162,9 +162,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 {
                     ref VoiceState currentVoiceState = ref context.GetState(i);
 
+                    Span<int> channelResourceIdsSpan = parameter.ChannelResourceIds.AsSpan();
+
                     for (int channelResourceIndex = 0; channelResourceIndex < parameter.ChannelCount; channelResourceIndex++)
                     {
-                        int channelId = parameter.ChannelResourceIds[channelResourceIndex];
+                        int channelId = channelResourceIdsSpan[channelResourceIndex];
 
                         Debug.Assert(channelId >= 0 && channelId < context.GetCount());
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Voice/VoiceContext.cs

@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
                 _sortedVoices.Span[i] = i;
             }
 
-            int[] sortedVoicesTemp = _sortedVoices[..(int)GetCount()].ToArray();
+            Span<int> sortedVoicesTemp = _sortedVoices[..(int)_voiceCount].Span;
 
-            Array.Sort(sortedVoicesTemp, (a, b) =>
+            sortedVoicesTemp.Sort((a, b) =>
             {
                 ref VoiceState aState = ref GetState(a);
                 ref VoiceState bState = ref GetState(b);
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
                 return result;
             });
 
-            sortedVoicesTemp.AsSpan().CopyTo(_sortedVoices.Span);
+            // sortedVoicesTemp.CopyTo(_sortedVoices.Span);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Voice/VoiceState.cs

@@ -219,15 +219,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// </summary>
         private void InitializeWaveBuffers()
         {
-            for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
+            Span<WaveBuffer> waveBuffersSpan = WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < waveBuffersSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                WaveBuffers[i].StartSampleOffset = 0;
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].StartSampleOffset = 0;
-                WaveBuffers[i].EndSampleOffset = 0;
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].EndSampleOffset = 0;
-                WaveBuffers[i].ShouldLoop = false;
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].ShouldLoop = false;
-                WaveBuffers[i].IsEndOfStream = false;
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].IsEndOfStream = false;
-                WaveBuffers[i].BufferAddressInfo.Setup(0, 0);
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].BufferAddressInfo.Setup(0, 0);
-                WaveBuffers[i].ContextAddressInfo.Setup(0, 0);
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].ContextAddressInfo.Setup(0, 0);
-                WaveBuffers[i].IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
+                waveBuffersSpan[i].IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
             }
         }
 
@@ -447,9 +449,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
 
             ref VoiceUpdateState voiceUpdateState = ref voiceUpdateStates[0].Span[0];
             
+            Span<WaveBuffer> waveBuffersSpan = WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+            Span<WaveBufferInternal> pWaveBuffersSpan = parameter.WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount; i++)
             {
-                UpdateWaveBuffer(errorInfos.AsSpan(i * 2, 2), ref WaveBuffers[i], ref parameter.WaveBuffers[i], parameter.SampleFormat, voiceUpdateState.IsWaveBufferValid[i], mapper, ref behaviourContext);
+                UpdateWaveBuffer(errorInfos.AsSpan(i * 2, 2), ref waveBuffersSpan[i], ref pWaveBuffersSpan[i], parameter.SampleFormat, voiceUpdateState.IsWaveBufferValid[i], mapper, ref behaviourContext);
             }
         }
 
@@ -534,9 +539,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// <param name="context">The voice context.</param>
         private void ResetResources(VoiceContext context)
         {
+            Span<int> channelResourceIdsSpan = ChannelResourceIds.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < ChannelsCount; i++)
             {
-                int channelResourceId = ChannelResourceIds[i];
+                int channelResourceId = channelResourceIdsSpan[i];
 
                 ref VoiceChannelResource voiceChannelResource = ref context.GetChannelResource(channelResourceId);
 
@@ -560,9 +567,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         {
             uint waveBufferIndex = WaveBuffersIndex;
             
+            Span<WaveBuffer> waveBuffersSpan = WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < waveBufferCount; i++)
             {
-                WaveBuffers[(int)waveBufferIndex].IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
+                waveBuffersSpan[(int)waveBufferIndex].IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
 
                 for (int j = 0; j < channelCount; j++)
                 {
@@ -591,14 +600,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
                 FlushWaveBufferCount = 0;
             }
 
+            Span<WaveBuffer> waveBuffersSpan;
+
             switch (PlayState)
             {
                 case PlayState.Started:
-                    for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
+                    waveBuffersSpan = WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
-                    {
-                        ref WaveBuffer wavebuffer = ref WaveBuffers[i];
                     
-                        if (!wavebuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor)
+                    for (int i = 0; i < waveBuffersSpan.Length; i++)
+                    {
+                        ref WaveBuffer waveBuffer = ref waveBuffersSpan[i];
+
+                        if (!waveBuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor)
                         {
                             for (int y = 0; y < ChannelsCount; y++)
                             {
@@ -607,7 +620,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
                                 voiceUpdateStates[y].Span[0].IsWaveBufferValid[i] = true;
                             }
 
-                            wavebuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
+                            waveBuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -626,11 +639,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
                     return false;
 
                 case PlayState.Stopping:
-                    for (int i = 0; i < WaveBuffers.Length; i++)
+                    waveBuffersSpan = WaveBuffers.AsSpan();
-                    {
-                        ref WaveBuffer wavebuffer = ref WaveBuffers[i];
                     
-                        wavebuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < waveBuffersSpan.Length; i++)
+                    {
+                        ref WaveBuffer waveBuffer = ref waveBuffersSpan[i];
+
+                        waveBuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor = true;
 
                         for (int j = 0; j < ChannelsCount; j++)
                         {
@@ -702,9 +717,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
 
             Memory<VoiceUpdateState>[] voiceUpdateStates = new Memory<VoiceUpdateState>[Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax];
 
+            Span<int> channelResourceIdsSpan = ChannelResourceIds.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < ChannelsCount; i++)
             {
-                voiceUpdateStates[i] = context.GetUpdateStateForDsp(ChannelResourceIds[i]);
+                voiceUpdateStates[i] = context.GetUpdateStateForDsp(channelResourceIdsSpan[i]);
             }
 
             return UpdateParametersForCommandGeneration(voiceUpdateStates);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Collections/IntrusiveRedBlackTree.cs

@@ -131,7 +131,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Collections
                 if (parent.Predecessor != null)
                 {
                     newNode.Predecessor = parent.Predecessor;
-                    parent.Predecessor = newNode;
                     newNode.Predecessor.Successor = newNode;
                 }
                 

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/IArray.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
@@ -17,5 +19,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
         /// Number of elements on the array.
         /// </summary>
         int Length { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Number of elements on the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Span<T> AsSpan();
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/MemoryOwner.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #nullable enable
 using System;
 using System.Buffers;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -10,11 +11,126 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// An <see cref="IMemoryOwner{T}"/> implementation with an embedded length and fast <see cref="Span{T}"/>
-    /// accessor, with memory allocated from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// accessor, with memory allocated from <see cref="ArrayPooling"/>.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
     public sealed class MemoryOwner<T> : IMemoryOwner<T>
     {
+        private static class ArrayPooling
+        {
+            public class Holder(T[]? array = null) : IComparable<Holder>, IComparable<int>
+            {
+                public int SkipCount;
+                public readonly T[]? Array = array;
+
+                public int CompareTo(Holder? other)
+                {
+                    return Array!.Length.CompareTo(other!.Array!.Length);
+                }
+                
+                public int CompareTo(int other)
+                {
+                    int self = Array!.Length;
+
+                    if (self < other)
+                    {
+                        SkipCount++;
+                        return -1;
+                    }
+
+                    if (self > other * 4)
+                    {
+                        return 1;
+                    }
+                    
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // ReSharper disable once StaticMemberInGenericType
+            private static int _maxCacheCount = 50;
+            
+            private const int MaxSkipCount = 50;
+        
+            static readonly List<Holder> _pool = new();
+            
+            // ReSharper disable once StaticMemberInGenericType
+            static readonly Lock _lock = new();
+            
+            private static int BinarySearch(List<Holder> list, int size)
+            {
+                int min = 0;
+                int max = list.Count-1;
+
+                while (min <= max)
+                {
+                    int mid = (min + max) / 2;
+                    int comparison = list[mid].CompareTo(size);
+                    if (comparison == 0)
+                    {
+                        return mid;
+                    }
+                    if (comparison < 0)
+                    {
+                        min = mid+1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        max = mid-1;
+                    }
+                }
+                return ~min;
+            }
+
+            public static T[] Get(int minimumSize)
+            {
+                lock (_lock)
+                {
+                    int index = BinarySearch(_pool, minimumSize);
+
+                    if (index >= 0)
+                    {
+                        Holder holder = _pool[index];
+                        
+                        _pool.Remove(holder);
+                        return holder.Array!;
+                    }
+
+                    return new T[minimumSize];
+                }
+            }
+
+            public static void Return(T[] array)
+            {
+
+                lock (_lock)
+                {
+                    Holder holder = new(array);
+                    int i = _pool.BinarySearch(holder);
+                    if (i < 0)
+                    {
+                        _pool.Insert(~i, holder);
+                    }
+
+                    if (_pool.Count >= _maxCacheCount)
+                    {
+                        for (int index = 0; index < _pool.Count; index++)
+                        {
+                            Holder h = _pool[index];
+
+                            if (h.SkipCount >= MaxSkipCount)
+                            {
+                                _pool.Remove(h);
+                                index--;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        
+                        _maxCacheCount = _pool.Count * 2;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
         private readonly int _length;
         private T[]? _array;
 
@@ -25,7 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
         private MemoryOwner(int length)
         {
             _length = length;
-            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+            _array = ArrayPooling.Get(length);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -124,7 +240,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
 
             if (array is not null)
             {
-                ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+                ArrayPooling.Return(array);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/PartialUnmaps/ThreadLocalMap.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
 using static Ryujinx.Common.Memory.PartialUnmaps.PartialUnmapHelpers;
@@ -43,9 +44,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory.PartialUnmaps
         {
             // Try get a match first.
             
+            Span<int> threadIdsSpan = ThreadIds.AsSpan();
+            Span<T> structsSpan = Structs.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < MapSize; i++)
             {
-                int compare = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref ThreadIds[i], threadId, threadId);
+                int compare = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref threadIdsSpan[i], threadId, threadId);
 
                 if (compare == threadId)
                 {
@@ -57,11 +61,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory.PartialUnmaps
 
             for (int i = 0; i < MapSize; i++)
             {
-                int compare = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref ThreadIds[i], threadId, 0);
+                int compare = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref threadIdsSpan[i], threadId, 0);
 
                 if (compare == 0)
                 {
-                    Structs[i] = initial;
+                    structsSpan[i] = initial;
                     return i;
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/MME/MacroHLE.cs

@@ -219,13 +219,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME
             state.Write(LogicOpOffset, 0);
 
             Array8<Boolean32> enable = new();
+            Span<Boolean32> enableSpan = enable.AsSpan();
 
             for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
             {
-                enable[i] = new Boolean32((uint)(arg0 >> (i + 8)) & 1);
+                enableSpan[i] = new Boolean32((uint)(arg0 >> (i + 8)) & 1);
             }
 
-            _processor.ThreedClass.UpdateBlendEnable(ref enable);
+            _processor.ThreedClass.UpdateBlendEnable(enableSpan);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -236,13 +237,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME
         private void UpdateColorMasks(IDeviceState state, int arg0)
         {
             Array8<RtColorMask> masks = new();
+            Span<RtColorMask> masksSpan = masks.AsSpan();
 
             int index = 0;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
             {
-                masks[index++] = new RtColorMask((uint)arg0 & 0x1fff);
+                masksSpan[index++] = new RtColorMask((uint)arg0 & 0x1fff);
-                masks[index++] = new RtColorMask(((uint)arg0 >> 16) & 0x1fff);
+                masksSpan[index++] = new RtColorMask(((uint)arg0 >> 16) & 0x1fff);
 
                 if (i != 3)
                 {
@@ -250,7 +252,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME
                 }
             }
 
-            _processor.ThreedClass.UpdateColorMasks(ref masks);
+            _processor.ThreedClass.UpdateColorMasks(masksSpan);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/Blender/AdvancedBlendManager.cs

@@ -75,10 +75,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.Blender
             {
                 bool constantsMatch = true;
 
+                Span<RgbHalf> blendUcodeConstantsSpan = _state.State.BlendUcodeConstants.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < entry.Constants.Length; i++)
                 {
                     RgbFloat constant = entry.Constants[i];
-                    RgbHalf constant2 = _state.State.BlendUcodeConstants[i];
+                    RgbHalf constant2 = blendUcodeConstantsSpan[i];
 
                     if ((Half)constant.R != constant2.UnpackR() ||
                         (Half)constant.G != constant2.UnpackG() ||

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VertexInfoBufferUpdater.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -76,9 +77,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         /// <param name="componentCount">Number of components that the format has</param>
         public void SetVertexStride(int index, int stride, int componentCount)
         {
-            if (_data.VertexStrides[index].X != stride)
+            Span<Vector4<int>> vertexStridesSpan = _data.VertexStrides.AsSpan();
+            
+            if (vertexStridesSpan[index].X != stride)
             {
-                _data.VertexStrides[index].X = stride;
+                vertexStridesSpan[index].X = stride;
                 MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexStridesOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>(), sizeof(int));
             }
 
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             {
                 int value = c < componentCount ? 1 : 0;
 
-                ref int currentValue = ref GetElementRef(ref _data.VertexStrides[index], c);
+                ref int currentValue = ref GetElementRef(ref vertexStridesSpan[index], c);
 
                 if (currentValue != value)
                 {
@@ -104,15 +107,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         /// <param name="divisor">If the draw is instanced, should have the vertex divisor value, otherwise should be zero</param>
         public void SetVertexOffset(int index, int offset, int divisor)
         {
-            if (_data.VertexOffsets[index].X != offset)
+            Span<Vector4<int>> vertexOffsetsSpan = _data.VertexOffsets.AsSpan();
+            
+            if (vertexOffsetsSpan[index].X != offset)
             {
-                _data.VertexOffsets[index].X = offset;
+                vertexOffsetsSpan[index].X = offset;
                 MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexOffsetsOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>(), sizeof(int));
             }
 
-            if (_data.VertexOffsets[index].Y != divisor)
+            if (vertexOffsetsSpan[index].Y != divisor)
             {
-                _data.VertexOffsets[index].Y = divisor;
+                vertexOffsetsSpan[index].Y = divisor;
                 MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexOffsetsOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>() + sizeof(int), sizeof(int));
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeState.cs

@@ -125,9 +125,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexCounts(_count, _instanceCount, _firstVertex, _firstInstance);
             _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetGeometryCounts(primitivesCount);
 
+            Span<VertexAttribState> vertexAttribStateSpan = _state.State.VertexAttribState.AsSpan();
+            Span<GpuVa> vertexBufferEndAddressSpan = _state.State.VertexBufferEndAddress.AsSpan();
+            Span<VertexBufferState> vertexBufferStateSpan = _state.State.VertexBufferState.AsSpan();
+            Span<Boolean32> vertexBufferInstancedSpan = _state.State.VertexBufferInstanced.AsSpan();
+
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalVertexAttribs; index++)
             {
-                VertexAttribState vertexAttrib = _state.State.VertexAttribState[index];
+                VertexAttribState vertexAttrib = vertexAttribStateSpan[index];
 
                 if (!FormatTable.TryGetSingleComponentAttribFormat(vertexAttrib.UnpackFormat(), out Format format, out int componentsCount))
                 {
@@ -153,9 +158,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
 
                 int bufferIndex = vertexAttrib.UnpackBufferIndex();
 
-                GpuVa endAddress = _state.State.VertexBufferEndAddress[bufferIndex];
+                GpuVa endAddress = vertexBufferEndAddressSpan[bufferIndex];
-                VertexBufferState vertexBuffer = _state.State.VertexBufferState[bufferIndex];
+                VertexBufferState vertexBuffer = vertexBufferStateSpan[bufferIndex];
-                bool instanced = _state.State.VertexBufferInstanced[bufferIndex];
+                bool instanced = vertexBufferInstancedSpan[bufferIndex];
 
                 ulong address = vertexBuffer.Address.Pack();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/DrawManager.cs

@@ -822,6 +822,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             // host clipping.
             ScreenScissorState screenScissorState = _state.State.ScreenScissorState;
             
+            Span<ScissorState> scissorStateSpan = _state.State.ScissorState.AsSpan();
+
             bool clearAffectedByStencilMask = (_state.State.ClearFlags & 1) != 0;
             bool clearAffectedByScissor = (_state.State.ClearFlags & 0x100) != 0;
 
@@ -831,9 +833,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
                 bool fullClear = screenScissorState.X == 0 && screenScissorState.Y == 0;
 
-                if (fullClear && clearAffectedByScissor && _state.State.ScissorState[0].Enable)
+                if (fullClear && clearAffectedByScissor && scissorStateSpan[0].Enable)
                 {
-                    ref ScissorState scissorState = ref _state.State.ScissorState[0];
+                    ref ScissorState scissorState = ref scissorStateSpan[0];
 
                     fullClear = scissorState.X1 == screenScissorState.X &&
                         scissorState.Y1 == screenScissorState.Y &&
@@ -892,9 +894,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 int scissorW = screenScissorState.Width;
                 int scissorH = screenScissorState.Height;
 
-                if (clearAffectedByScissor && _state.State.ScissorState[0].Enable)
+                if (clearAffectedByScissor && scissorStateSpan[0].Enable)
                 {
-                    ref ScissorState scissorState = ref _state.State.ScissorState[0];
+                    ref ScissorState scissorState = ref scissorStateSpan[0];
 
                     scissorX = Math.Max(scissorX, scissorState.X1);
                     scissorY = Math.Max(scissorY, scissorState.Y1);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/SpecializationStateUpdater.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 {
@@ -214,10 +215,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// Updates the type of the vertex attributes consumed by the shader.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="state">The new state</param>
-        public void SetAttributeTypes(ref Array32<VertexAttribState> state)
+        public void SetAttributeTypes(ReadOnlySpan<VertexAttribState> state)
         {
             bool changed = false;
-            ref Array32<AttributeType> attributeTypes = ref _graphics.AttributeTypes;
+            // ref Array32<AttributeType> attributeTypes = ref _graphics.AttributeTypes;
+            Span<AttributeType> attributeTypesSpan = _graphics.AttributeTypes.AsSpan();
             bool mayConvertVtgToCompute = ShaderCache.MayConvertVtgToCompute(ref _context.Capabilities);
             bool supportsScaledFormats = _context.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats && !mayConvertVtgToCompute;
 
@@ -261,9 +263,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (attributeTypes[location] != value)
+                if (attributeTypesSpan[location] != value)
                 {
-                    attributeTypes[location] = value;
+                    attributeTypesSpan[location] = value;
                     changed = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -279,11 +281,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="rtControl">The render target control register</param>
         /// <param name="state">The color attachment state</param>
-        public void SetFragmentOutputTypes(RtControl rtControl, ref Array8<RtColorState> state)
+        public void SetFragmentOutputTypes(RtControl rtControl, ReadOnlySpan<RtColorState> state)
         {
             bool changed = false;
             int count = rtControl.UnpackCount();
             
+            Span<AttributeType> fragmentOutputTypesSpan = _graphics.FragmentOutputTypes.AsSpan();
+
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalRenderTargets; index++)
             {
                 int rtIndex = rtControl.UnpackPermutationIndex(index);
@@ -296,9 +300,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
                     AttributeType type = format.IsInteger() ? (format.IsSint() ? AttributeType.Sint : AttributeType.Uint) : AttributeType.Float;
 
-                    if (type != _graphics.FragmentOutputTypes[index])
+                    if (type != fragmentOutputTypesSpan[index])
                     {
-                        _graphics.FragmentOutputTypes[index] = type;
+                        fragmentOutputTypesSpan[index] = type;
                         changed = true;
                     }
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -423,9 +423,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// </summary>
         private void UpdateTfBufferState()
         {
+            Span<TfBufferState> tfBufferStateSpan = _state.State.TfBufferState.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers; index++)
             {
-                TfBufferState tfb = _state.State.TfBufferState[index];
+                TfBufferState tfb = tfBufferStateSpan[index];
 
                 if (!tfb.Enable)
                 {
@@ -466,10 +468,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             MemoryManager memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
             RtControl rtControl = _state.State.RtControl;
 
-            bool useControl = updateFlags.HasFlag(RenderTargetUpdateFlags.UseControl);
+            bool useControl = (updateFlags & RenderTargetUpdateFlags.UseControl) == RenderTargetUpdateFlags.UseControl;
-            bool layered = updateFlags.HasFlag(RenderTargetUpdateFlags.Layered);
+            bool layered = (updateFlags & RenderTargetUpdateFlags.Layered) == RenderTargetUpdateFlags.Layered;
-            bool singleColor = updateFlags.HasFlag(RenderTargetUpdateFlags.SingleColor);
+            bool singleColor = (updateFlags & RenderTargetUpdateFlags.SingleColor) == RenderTargetUpdateFlags.SingleColor;
-            bool discard = updateFlags.HasFlag(RenderTargetUpdateFlags.DiscardClip);
+            bool discard = (updateFlags & RenderTargetUpdateFlags.DiscardClip) == RenderTargetUpdateFlags.DiscardClip;
 
             int count = useControl ? rtControl.UnpackCount() : Constants.TotalRenderTargets;
 
@@ -487,11 +489,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             bool changedScale = false;
             uint rtNoAlphaMask = 0;
 
+            Span<RtColorState> rtColorStateSpan = _state.State.RtColorState.AsSpan();
+
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalRenderTargets; index++)
             {
                 int rtIndex = useControl ? rtControl.UnpackPermutationIndex(index) : index;
 
-                RtColorState colorState = _state.State.RtColorState[rtIndex];
+                RtColorState colorState = rtColorStateSpan[rtIndex];
 
                 if (index >= count || !IsRtEnabled(colorState) || (singleColor && index != singleUse))
                 {
@@ -539,7 +543,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             Image.Texture depthStencil = null;
 
-            if (dsEnable && updateFlags.HasFlag(RenderTargetUpdateFlags.UpdateDepthStencil))
+            if (dsEnable && (updateFlags & RenderTargetUpdateFlags.UpdateDepthStencil) == RenderTargetUpdateFlags.UpdateDepthStencil)
             {
                 RtDepthStencilState dsState = _state.State.RtDepthStencilState;
                 Size3D dsSize = _state.State.RtDepthStencilSize;
@@ -599,7 +603,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// </summary>
         public void UpdateRenderTargetSpecialization()
         {
-            _currentSpecState.SetFragmentOutputTypes(_state.State.RtControl, ref _state.State.RtColorState);
+            _currentSpecState.SetFragmentOutputTypes(_state.State.RtControl, _state.State.RtColorState.AsSpan());
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -624,10 +628,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             const int MaxH = 0xffff;
 
             Span<Rectangle<int>> regions = stackalloc Rectangle<int>[Constants.TotalViewports];
+            Span<ScissorState> scissorStateSpan = _state.State.ScissorState.AsSpan();
             
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalViewports; index++)
             {
-                ScissorState scissor = _state.State.ScissorState[index];
+                ScissorState scissor = scissorStateSpan[index];
 
                 bool enable = scissor.Enable && (scissor.X1 != MinX ||
                                                  scissor.Y1 != MinY ||
@@ -731,6 +736,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             UpdateDepthMode();
 
             Span<Viewport> viewports = stackalloc Viewport[Constants.TotalViewports];
+            Span<ViewportTransform> viewportTransformSpan = _state.State.ViewportTransform.AsSpan();
+            Span<ViewportExtents> viewportExtentsSpan = _state.State.ViewportExtents.AsSpan();
 
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalViewports; index++)
             {
@@ -745,8 +752,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                ref ViewportTransform transform = ref _state.State.ViewportTransform[index];
+                ref ViewportTransform transform = ref viewportTransformSpan[index];
-                ref ViewportExtents extents = ref _state.State.ViewportExtents[index];
+                ref ViewportExtents extents = ref viewportExtentsSpan[index];
 
                 float scaleX = MathF.Abs(transform.ScaleX);
                 float scaleY = transform.ScaleY;
@@ -968,10 +975,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             uint vbEnableMask = _vbEnableMask;
 
             Span<VertexAttribDescriptor> vertexAttribs = stackalloc VertexAttribDescriptor[Constants.TotalVertexAttribs];
+            Span<VertexAttribState> vertexAttribStateSpan = _state.State.VertexAttribState.AsSpan();
             
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalVertexAttribs; index++)
             {
-                VertexAttribState vertexAttrib = _state.State.VertexAttribState[index];
+                VertexAttribState vertexAttrib = vertexAttribStateSpan[index];
 
                 int bufferIndex = vertexAttrib.UnpackBufferIndex();
 
@@ -1015,7 +1023,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             _pipeline.SetVertexAttribs(vertexAttribs);
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetVertexAttribs(vertexAttribs);
-            _currentSpecState.SetAttributeTypes(ref _state.State.VertexAttribState);
+            _currentSpecState.SetAttributeTypes(_state.State.VertexAttribState.AsSpan());
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -1114,19 +1122,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             int drawVertexCount = _drawState.DrawVertexCount;
             uint vbEnableMask = 0;
             
+            Span<VertexBufferState> vertexBufferStateSpan = _state.State.VertexBufferState.AsSpan();
+            Span<BufferPipelineDescriptor> vertexBuffersSpan = _pipeline.VertexBuffers.AsSpan();
+            Span<GpuVa> vertexBufferEndAddressSpan = _state.State.VertexBufferEndAddress.AsSpan();
+            Span<Boolean32> vertexBufferInstancedSpan = _state.State.VertexBufferInstanced.AsSpan();
+
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalVertexBuffers; index++)
             {
-                VertexBufferState vertexBuffer = _state.State.VertexBufferState[index];
+                VertexBufferState vertexBuffer = vertexBufferStateSpan[index];
 
                 if (!vertexBuffer.UnpackEnable())
                 {
-                    _pipeline.VertexBuffers[index] = new BufferPipelineDescriptor(false, 0, 0);
+                    vertexBuffersSpan[index] = new BufferPipelineDescriptor(false, 0, 0);
                     _channel.BufferManager.SetVertexBuffer(index, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                GpuVa endAddress = _state.State.VertexBufferEndAddress[index];
+                GpuVa endAddress = vertexBufferEndAddressSpan[index];
 
                 ulong address = vertexBuffer.Address.Pack();
 
@@ -1137,7 +1150,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
                 int stride = vertexBuffer.UnpackStride();
 
-                bool instanced = _state.State.VertexBufferInstanced[index];
+                bool instanced = vertexBufferInstancedSpan[index];
 
                 int divisor = instanced ? vertexBuffer.Divisor : 0;
 
@@ -1184,7 +1197,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                     size = Math.Min(vbSize, (ulong)((firstInstance + drawFirstVertex + drawVertexCount) * stride));
                 }
 
-                _pipeline.VertexBuffers[index] = new BufferPipelineDescriptor(_channel.MemoryManager.IsMapped(address), stride, divisor);
+                vertexBuffersSpan[index] = new BufferPipelineDescriptor(_channel.MemoryManager.IsMapped(address), stride, divisor);
                 _channel.BufferManager.SetVertexBuffer(index, address, size, stride, divisor);
             }
 
@@ -1237,10 +1250,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             bool rtColorMaskShared = _state.State.RtColorMaskShared;
 
             Span<uint> componentMasks = stackalloc uint[Constants.TotalRenderTargets];
+            Span<RtColorMask> rtColorMaskSpan = _state.State.RtColorMask.AsSpan();
+            Span<uint> colorWriteMaskSpan = _pipeline.ColorWriteMask.AsSpan();
 
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalRenderTargets; index++)
             {
-                RtColorMask colorMask = _state.State.RtColorMask[rtColorMaskShared ? 0 : index];
+                RtColorMask colorMask = rtColorMaskSpan[rtColorMaskShared ? 0 : index];
 
                 uint componentMask;
 
@@ -1250,7 +1265,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 componentMask |= (colorMask.UnpackAlpha() ? 8u : 0u);
 
                 componentMasks[index] = componentMask;
-                _pipeline.ColorWriteMask[index] = componentMask;
+                colorWriteMaskSpan[index] = componentMask;
             }
 
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetRenderTargetColorMasks(componentMasks);
@@ -1282,10 +1297,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             if (blendIndependent)
             {
+                Span<Boolean32> blendEnableSpan = _state.State.BlendEnable.AsSpan();
+                Span<BlendState> blendStateSpan = _state.State.BlendState.AsSpan();
+                Span<BlendDescriptor> blendDescriptorsSpan = _pipeline.BlendDescriptors.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalRenderTargets; index++)
                 {
-                    bool enable = _state.State.BlendEnable[index];
+                    bool enable = blendEnableSpan[index];
-                    BlendState blend = _state.State.BlendState[index];
+                    BlendState blend = blendStateSpan[index];
 
                     BlendDescriptor descriptor = new(
                         enable,
@@ -1306,7 +1325,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                         dualSourceBlendEnabled = true;
                     }
 
-                    _pipeline.BlendDescriptors[index] = descriptor;
+                    blendDescriptorsSpan[index] = descriptor;
                     _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetBlendState(index, descriptor);
                 }
             }
@@ -1334,9 +1353,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                     dualSourceBlendEnabled = true;
                 }
                 
+                Span<BlendDescriptor> blendDescriptorsSpan = _pipeline.BlendDescriptors.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalRenderTargets; index++)
                 {
-                    _pipeline.BlendDescriptors[index] = descriptor;
+                    blendDescriptorsSpan[index] = descriptor;
                     _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetBlendState(index, descriptor);
                 }
             }
@@ -1422,12 +1443,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             ShaderAddresses addresses = new();
             Span<ulong> addressesSpan = addresses.AsSpan();
+            Span<ShaderState> shaderStateSpan = _state.State.ShaderState.AsSpan();
 
             ulong baseAddress = _state.State.ShaderBaseAddress.Pack();
 
             for (int index = 0; index < 6; index++)
             {
-                ShaderState shader = _state.State.ShaderState[index];
+                ShaderState shader = shaderStateSpan[index];
                 if (!shader.UnpackEnable() && index != 1)
                 {
                     continue;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ThreedClass.cs

@@ -242,22 +242,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// <param name="rhs">Second struct</param>
         /// <returns>True if equal, false otherwise</returns>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private static bool UnsafeEquals32Byte<T>(ref T lhs, ref T rhs) where T : unmanaged
+        private static bool UnsafeEquals32Byte<T>(Span<T> lhs, Span<T> rhs) where T : unmanaged
         {
             if (Vector256.IsHardwareAccelerated)
             {
                 return Vector256.EqualsAll(
-                    Unsafe.As<T, Vector256<uint>>(ref lhs),
+                    Unsafe.As<Span<T>, ReadOnlySpan<Vector256<uint>>>(ref lhs)[0],
-                    Unsafe.As<T, Vector256<uint>>(ref rhs)
+                    Unsafe.As<Span<T>, ReadOnlySpan<Vector256<uint>>>(ref rhs)[0]
                 );
             }
             else
             {
-                ref Vector128<uint> lhsVec = ref Unsafe.As<T, Vector128<uint>>(ref lhs);
+                ReadOnlySpan<Vector128<uint>> lhsVec = Unsafe.As<Span<T>, ReadOnlySpan<Vector128<uint>>>(ref lhs);
-                ref Vector128<uint> rhsVec = ref Unsafe.As<T, Vector128<uint>>(ref rhs);
+                ReadOnlySpan<Vector128<uint>> rhsVec = Unsafe.As<Span<T>, ReadOnlySpan<Vector128<uint>>>(ref rhs);
 
-                return Vector128.EqualsAll(lhsVec, rhsVec) &&
+                return Vector128.EqualsAll(lhsVec[0], rhsVec[0]) &&
-                    Vector128.EqualsAll(Unsafe.Add(ref lhsVec, 1), Unsafe.Add(ref rhsVec, 1));
+                    Vector128.EqualsAll(lhsVec[1], rhsVec[1]);
             }
         }
 
@@ -265,26 +265,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// Updates blend enable. Respects current shadow mode.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="masks">Blend enable</param>
-        public void UpdateBlendEnable(ref Array8<Boolean32> enable)
+        public void UpdateBlendEnable(Span<Boolean32> enable)
         {
             SetMmeShadowRamControlMode shadow = ShadowMode;
-            ref Array8<Boolean32> state = ref _state.State.BlendEnable;
+            Span<Boolean32> state = _state.State.BlendEnable.AsSpan();
 
             if (shadow.IsReplay())
             {
-                enable = _state.ShadowState.BlendEnable;
+                state.CopyTo(enable);
             }
 
-            if (!UnsafeEquals32Byte(ref enable, ref state))
+            if (!UnsafeEquals32Byte(enable, state))
             {
-                state = enable;
+                enable.CopyTo(state);
 
                 _stateUpdater.ForceDirty(StateUpdater.BlendStateIndex);
             }
 
             if (shadow.IsTrack())
             {
-                _state.ShadowState.BlendEnable = enable;
+                enable.CopyTo(state);
             }
         }
 
@@ -292,26 +292,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// Updates color masks. Respects current shadow mode.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="masks">Color masks</param>
-        public void UpdateColorMasks(ref Array8<RtColorMask> masks)
+        public void UpdateColorMasks(Span<RtColorMask> masks)
         {
             SetMmeShadowRamControlMode shadow = ShadowMode;
-            ref Array8<RtColorMask> state = ref _state.State.RtColorMask;
+            Span<RtColorMask> state = _state.State.RtColorMask.AsSpan();
 
             if (shadow.IsReplay())
             {
-                masks = _state.ShadowState.RtColorMask;
+                state.CopyTo(masks);
             }
 
-            if (!UnsafeEquals32Byte(ref masks, ref state))
+            if (!UnsafeEquals32Byte(masks, state))
             {
-                state = masks;
+                masks.CopyTo(state);
 
                 _stateUpdater.ForceDirty(StateUpdater.RtColorMaskIndex);
             }
 
             if (shadow.IsTrack())
             {
-                _state.ShadowState.RtColorMask = masks;
+                masks.CopyTo(state);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
     /// </summary>
     class BufferModifiedRangeList : NonOverlappingRangeList<BufferModifiedRange>
     {
-        private new const int BackingInitialSize = 8;
+        private const int BackingInitialSize = 8;
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly Buffer _parent;
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private BufferMigration _source;
         private BufferModifiedRangeList _migrationTarget;
         
+        private List<RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>> _overlaps;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Whether the modified range list has any entries or not.
         /// </summary>
@@ -106,6 +108,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _context = context;
             _parent = parent;
             _flushAction = flushAction;
+            _overlaps = [];
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -295,23 +298,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
         public void GetRanges(ulong address, ulong size, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
         {
-            List<RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>> overlaps = [];
-            
             // We use the non-span method here because keeping the lock will cause a deadlock.
             Lock.EnterReadLock();
+            
+            _overlaps.Clear();
+            
             (RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> first, RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> last) = FindOverlaps(address, size);
             
             RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> current = first;
             while (last != null && current != last.Next)
             {
-                overlaps.Add(current);
+                _overlaps.Add(current);
                 current = current.Next;
             }
             Lock.ExitReadLock();
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Count; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < _overlaps.Count; i++)
             {
-                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i].Value;
+                BufferModifiedRange overlap = _overlaps[i].Value;
                 rangeAction(overlap.Address, overlap.Size);
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferStage.cs

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         public static BufferStage FromUsage(BufferUsageFlags flags)
         {
-            if (flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write))
+            if ((flags & BufferUsageFlags.Write) == BufferUsageFlags.Write)
             {
                 return BufferStage.StorageWrite;
             }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         public static BufferStage FromUsage(TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
-            if (flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore))
+            if ((flags & TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore) == TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore)
             {
                 return BufferStage.StorageWrite;
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/SupportBufferUpdater.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -104,9 +105,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="scale">Scale value</param>
         public void UpdateRenderScale(int index, float scale)
         {
-            if (_data.RenderScale[1 + index].X != scale)
+            Span<Vector4<float>> renderScaleSpan = _data.RenderScale.AsSpan();
+            
+            if (renderScaleSpan[1 + index].X != scale)
             {
-                _data.RenderScale[1 + index].X = scale;
+                renderScaleSpan[1 + index].X = scale;
                 DirtyRenderScale(1 + index, 1);
             }
         }
@@ -133,11 +136,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="isBgra">True if the format is BGRA< false otherwise</param>
         public void SetRenderTargetIsBgra(int index, bool isBgra)
         {
-            bool isBgraChanged = _data.FragmentIsBgra[index].X != 0 != isBgra;
+            Span<Vector4<int>> fragmentIsBgraSpan = _data.FragmentIsBgra.AsSpan();
+            
+            bool isBgraChanged = fragmentIsBgraSpan[index].X != 0 != isBgra;
 
             if (isBgraChanged)
             {
-                _data.FragmentIsBgra[index].X = isBgra ? 1 : 0;
+                fragmentIsBgraSpan[index].X = isBgra ? 1 : 0;
                 DirtyFragmentIsBgra(index, 1);
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
@@ -258,21 +259,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             int count = rtControl.UnpackCount();
 
+            Span<RtColorState> rtColorStateSpan = state.RtColorState.AsSpan();
+            Span<bool> attachmentEnableSpan = pipeline.AttachmentEnable.AsSpan();
+            Span<Format> attachmentFormatsSpan = pipeline.AttachmentFormats.AsSpan();
+
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalRenderTargets; index++)
             {
                 int rtIndex = rtControl.UnpackPermutationIndex(index);
 
-                var colorState = state.RtColorState[rtIndex];
+                var colorState = rtColorStateSpan[rtIndex];
 
                 if (index >= count || colorState.Format == 0 || colorState.WidthOrStride == 0)
                 {
-                    pipeline.AttachmentEnable[index] = false;
+                    attachmentEnableSpan[index] = false;
-                    pipeline.AttachmentFormats[index] = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm;
+                    attachmentFormatsSpan[index] = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm;
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    pipeline.AttachmentEnable[index] = true;
+                    attachmentEnableSpan[index] = true;
-                    pipeline.AttachmentFormats[index] = colorState.Format.Convert().Format;
+                    attachmentFormatsSpan[index] = colorState.Format.Convert().Format;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -580,15 +585,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             TransformFeedbackDescriptor[] descs = new TransformFeedbackDescriptor[Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers];
 
+            Span<TfState> tfStateSpan = state.TfState.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array32<uint>> tfVaryingLocationsSpan = state.TfVaryingLocations.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers; i++)
             {
-                var tf = state.TfState[i];
+                var tf = tfStateSpan[i];
 
                 descs[i] = new TransformFeedbackDescriptor(
                     tf.BufferIndex,
                     tf.Stride,
                     tf.VaryingsCount,
-                    ref state.TfVaryingLocations[i]);
+                    ref tfVaryingLocationsSpan[i]);
             }
 
             return descs;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -580,10 +580,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             if (ShaderCache.MayConvertVtgToCompute(ref channel.Capabilities) && !vertexAsCompute)
             {
-                for (int index = 0; index < graphicsState.AttributeTypes.Length; index++)
+                Span<AttributeType> attributeTypesSpan = graphicsState.AttributeTypes.AsSpan();
+                Span<AttributeType> gAttributeTypesSpan = GraphicsState.AttributeTypes.AsSpan();
+                
+                for (int index = 0; index < attributeTypesSpan.Length; index++)
                 {
-                    AttributeType lType = FilterAttributeType(channel, graphicsState.AttributeTypes[index]);
+                    AttributeType lType = FilterAttributeType(channel, attributeTypesSpan[index]);
-                    AttributeType rType = FilterAttributeType(channel, GraphicsState.AttributeTypes[index]);
+                    AttributeType rType = FilterAttributeType(channel, gAttributeTypesSpan[index]);
 
                     if (lType != rType)
                     {
@@ -729,6 +732,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             int constantBufferUsePerStageMask = _constantBufferUsePerStage;
 
+            Span<uint> constantBufferUseSpan = ConstantBufferUse.AsSpan();
+            
             while (constantBufferUsePerStageMask != 0)
             {
                 int index = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(constantBufferUsePerStageMask);
@@ -737,7 +742,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     ? channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferUseMask()
                     : channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferUseMask(index);
 
-                if (ConstantBufferUse[index] != useMask)
+                if (constantBufferUseSpan[index] != useMask)
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -801,7 +806,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             if (specializationState != null)
             {
-                if (specializationState.Value.QueriedFlags.HasFlag(QueriedTextureStateFlags.CoordNormalized) &&
+                if ((specializationState.Value.QueriedFlags & QueriedTextureStateFlags.CoordNormalized) == QueriedTextureStateFlags.CoordNormalized &&
                     specializationState.Value.CoordNormalized != descriptor.UnpackTextureCoordNormalized())
                 {
                     return false;
@@ -877,10 +882,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             int constantBufferUsePerStageMask = specState._constantBufferUsePerStage;
 
+            Span<uint> constantBufferUseSpan = specState.ConstantBufferUse.AsSpan();
+            
             while (constantBufferUsePerStageMask != 0)
             {
                 int index = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(constantBufferUsePerStageMask);
-                dataReader.Read(ref specState.ConstantBufferUse[index]);
+                dataReader.Read(ref constantBufferUseSpan[index]);
                 constantBufferUsePerStageMask &= ~(1 << index);
             }
 
@@ -980,10 +987,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             int constantBufferUsePerStageMask = _constantBufferUsePerStage;
             
+            Span<uint> constantBufferUseSpan = ConstantBufferUse.AsSpan();
+
             while (constantBufferUsePerStageMask != 0)
             {
                 int index = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(constantBufferUsePerStageMask);
-                dataWriter.Write(ref ConstantBufferUse[index]);
+                dataWriter.Write(ref constantBufferUseSpan[index]);
                 constantBufferUsePerStageMask &= ~(1 << index);
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.FFmpeg/H264/SpsAndPpsReconstruction.cs

@@ -92,20 +92,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.FFmpeg.H264
 
             if (pictureInfo.ScalingMatrixPresent)
             {
+                Span<Array16<byte>> scalingLists4x4Span = pictureInfo.ScalingLists4x4.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int index = 0; index < 6; index++)
                 {
                     writer.WriteBit(true);
 
-                    WriteScalingList(ref writer, pictureInfo.ScalingLists4x4[index]);
+                    WriteScalingList(ref writer, scalingLists4x4Span[index]);
                 }
 
                 if (pictureInfo.Transform8x8ModeFlag)
                 {
+                    Span<Array64<byte>> scalingLists8x8Span = pictureInfo.ScalingLists8x8.AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int index = 0; index < 2; index++)
                     {
                         writer.WriteBit(true);
 
-                        WriteScalingList(ref writer, pictureInfo.ScalingLists8x8[index]);
+                        WriteScalingList(ref writer, scalingLists8x8Span[index]);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -144,9 +148,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.FFmpeg.H264
 
             int lastScale = 8;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < list.Length; index++)
+            Span<byte> listSpan = list.AsSpan();
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < listSpan.Length; index++)
             {
-                byte value = list[scan[index]];
+                byte value = listSpan[scan[index]];
 
                 int deltaScale = value - lastScale;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/DecodeFrame.cs

@@ -21,49 +21,67 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
         private static void ReadTxModeProbs(ref Vp9EntropyProbs txProbs, ref Reader r)
         {
+            Span<Array1<byte>> tx8x8ProbSpan1 = txProbs.Tx8x8Prob.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<byte>> tx16x16ProbSpan1 = txProbs.Tx16x16Prob.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> tx32x32ProbSpan1 = txProbs.Tx32x32Prob.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.TxSizeContexts; ++i)
             {
+                Span<byte> tx8x8ProbSpan2 = tx8x8ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < (int)TxSize.TxSizes - 3; ++j)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref txProbs.Tx8x8Prob[i][j]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref tx8x8ProbSpan2[j]);
                 }
             }
 
             for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.TxSizeContexts; ++i)
             {
+                Span<byte> tx16x16ProbSpan2 = tx16x16ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < (int)TxSize.TxSizes - 2; ++j)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref txProbs.Tx16x16Prob[i][j]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref tx16x16ProbSpan2[j]);
                 }
             }
 
             for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.TxSizeContexts; ++i)
             {
+                Span<byte> tx32x32ProbSpan2 = tx32x32ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < (int)TxSize.TxSizes - 1; ++j)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref txProbs.Tx32x32Prob[i][j]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref tx32x32ProbSpan2[j]);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         private static void ReadSwitchableInterpProbs(ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc, ref Reader r)
         {
-            for (int j = 0; j < Constants.SwitchableFilterContexts; ++j)
+            Span<Array2<byte>> switchableInterpProbSpan1 = fc.SwitchableInterpProb.AsSpan();
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < Constants.SwitchableFilterContexts; ++i)
             {
-                for (int i = 0; i < Constants.SwitchableFilters - 1; ++i)
+                Span<byte> switchableInterpProbSpan2 = switchableInterpProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
+                for (int j = 0; j < Constants.SwitchableFilters - 1; ++j)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.SwitchableInterpProb[j][i]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref switchableInterpProbSpan2[j]);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         private static void ReadInterModeProbs(ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc, ref Reader r)
         {
+            Span<Array3<byte>> interModeProbSpan1 = fc.InterModeProb.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.InterModeContexts; ++i)
             {
+                Span<byte> interModeProbSpan2 = interModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < Constants.InterModes - 1; ++j)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.InterModeProb[i][j]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref interModeProbSpan2[j]);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -72,30 +90,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             r.UpdateMvProbs(ctx.Joints.AsSpan(), EntropyMv.Joints - 1);
 
+            Span<byte> signSpan = ctx.Sign.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> classesSpan = ctx.Classes.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array1<byte>> class0Span = ctx.Class0.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> bitsSpan = ctx.Bits.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
             {
-                r.UpdateMvProbs(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref ctx.Sign[i], 1), 1);
+                r.UpdateMvProbs(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref signSpan[i], 1), 1);
-                r.UpdateMvProbs(ctx.Classes[i].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.Classes - 1);
+                r.UpdateMvProbs(classesSpan[i].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.Classes - 1);
-                r.UpdateMvProbs(ctx.Class0[i].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.Class0Size - 1);
+                r.UpdateMvProbs(class0Span[i].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.Class0Size - 1);
-                r.UpdateMvProbs(ctx.Bits[i].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.OffsetBits);
+                r.UpdateMvProbs(bitsSpan[i].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.OffsetBits);
             }
             
+            Span<Array2<Array3<byte>>> class0FpSpan1 = ctx.Class0Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> fpSpan = ctx.Fp.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
             {
+                Span<Array3<byte>> class0FpSpan2 = class0FpSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < EntropyMv.Class0Size; ++j)
                 {
-                    r.UpdateMvProbs(ctx.Class0Fp[i][j].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.FpSize - 1);
+                    r.UpdateMvProbs(class0FpSpan2[j].AsSpan(), EntropyMv.FpSize - 1);
                 }
 
-                r.UpdateMvProbs(ctx.Fp[i].AsSpan(), 3);
+                r.UpdateMvProbs(fpSpan[i].AsSpan(), 3);
             }
 
             if (allowHp)
             {
+                Span<byte> class0HpSpan = ctx.Class0Hp.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> hpSpan = ctx.Hp.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
                 {
-                    r.UpdateMvProbs(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref ctx.Class0Hp[i], 1), 1);
+                    r.UpdateMvProbs(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref class0HpSpan[i], 1), 1);
-                    r.UpdateMvProbs(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref ctx.Hp[i], 1), 1);
+                    r.UpdateMvProbs(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref hpSpan[i], 1), 1);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -751,10 +782,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             int refr;
             bool isScaled;
 
+            Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+            Span<Mv> mvSpan = mi.Mv.AsSpan();
+            Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
+            Span<Ptr<RefBuffer>> blockRefsSpan = xd.BlockRefs.AsSpan();
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = xd.Plane.AsSpan();
+
             for (refr = 0; refr < 1 + isCompound; ++refr)
             {
-                int frame = mi.RefFrame[refr];
+                int frame = refFrameSpan[refr];
-                ref RefBuffer refBuf = ref cm.FrameRefs[frame - Constants.LastFrame];
+                ref RefBuffer refBuf = ref frameRefsSpan[frame - Constants.LastFrame];
                 ref ScaleFactors sf = ref refBuf.Sf;
                 ref Surface refFrameBuf = ref refBuf.Buf;
 
@@ -767,13 +804,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 isScaled = sf.IsScaled();
                 ReconInter.SetupPrePlanes(ref xd, refr, ref refFrameBuf, miRow, miCol,
                     isScaled ? new Ptr<ScaleFactors>(ref sf) : Ptr<ScaleFactors>.Null);
-                xd.BlockRefs[refr] = new Ptr<RefBuffer>(ref refBuf);
+                blockRefsSpan[refr] = new Ptr<RefBuffer>(ref refBuf);
 
                 if (sbType < BlockSize.Block8X8)
                 {
                     for (plane = 0; plane < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++plane)
                     {
-                        ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref xd.Plane[plane];
+                        ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[plane];
                         ref Buf2D dstBuf = ref pd.Dst;
                         int num4X4W = pd.N4W;
                         int num4X4H = pd.N4H;
@@ -811,10 +848,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    Mv mv = mi.Mv[refr];
+                    Mv mv = mvSpan[refr];
                     for (plane = 0; plane < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++plane)
                     {
-                        ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref xd.Plane[plane];
+                        ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[plane];
                         ref Buf2D dstBuf = ref pd.Dst;
                         int num4X4W = pd.N4W;
                         int num4X4H = pd.N4H;
@@ -847,12 +884,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
         private static void SetPlaneN4(ref MacroBlockD xd, int bw, int bh, int bwl, int bhl)
         {
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = xd.Plane.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxMbPlane; i++)
             {
-                xd.Plane[i].N4W = (ushort)((bw << 1) >> xd.Plane[i].SubsamplingX);
+                planeSpan[i].N4W = (ushort)((bw << 1) >> planeSpan[i].SubsamplingX);
-                xd.Plane[i].N4H = (ushort)((bh << 1) >> xd.Plane[i].SubsamplingY);
+                planeSpan[i].N4H = (ushort)((bh << 1) >> planeSpan[i].SubsamplingY);
-                xd.Plane[i].N4Wl = (byte)(bwl - xd.Plane[i].SubsamplingX);
+                planeSpan[i].N4Wl = (byte)(bwl - planeSpan[i].SubsamplingX);
-                xd.Plane[i].N4Hl = (byte)(bhl - xd.Plane[i].SubsamplingY);
+                planeSpan[i].N4Hl = (byte)(bhl - planeSpan[i].SubsamplingY);
             }
         }
 
@@ -892,7 +931,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // as they are always compared to values that are in 1/8th pel units
             xd.SetMiRowCol(ref tile, miRow, bh, miCol, bw, cm.MiRows, cm.MiCols);
 
-            ReconInter.SetupDstPlanes(ref xd.Plane, ref xd.CurBuf, miRow, miCol);
+            ReconInter.SetupDstPlanes(xd.Plane.AsSpan(), ref xd.CurBuf, miRow, miCol);
             return ref xd.Mi[0].Value;
         }
 
@@ -933,10 +972,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             if (!mi.IsInterBlock())
             {
-                int plane;
+                Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = xd.Plane.AsSpan();
-                for (plane = 0; plane < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++plane)
+                
+                for (int plane = 0; plane < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++plane)
                 {
-                    ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref xd.Plane[plane];
+                    ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[plane];
                     TxSize txSize = plane != 0 ? mi.GetUvTxSize(ref pd) : mi.TxSize;
                     int num4X4W = pd.N4W;
                     int num4X4H = pd.N4H;
@@ -967,12 +1007,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 // Reconstruction
                 if (mi.Skip == 0)
                 {
-                    int eobtotal = 0;
+                    Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = xd.Plane.AsSpan();
-                    int plane;
                     
-                    for (plane = 0; plane < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++plane)
+                    int eobtotal = 0;
+
+                    for (int plane = 0; plane < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++plane)
                     {
-                        ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref xd.Plane[plane];
+                        ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[plane];
                         TxSize txSize = plane != 0 ? mi.GetUvTxSize(ref pd) : mi.TxSize;
                         int num4X4W = pd.N4W;
                         int num4X4H = pd.N4H;
@@ -1159,22 +1200,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             }
         }
 
-        private static void ReadCoefProbsCommon(ref Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> coefProbs,
+        private static void ReadCoefProbsCommon(ReadOnlySpan<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> coefProbs1,
             ref Reader r, int txSize)
         {
             if (r.ReadBit() != 0)
             {
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.PlaneTypes; ++i)
                 {
+                    Span<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>> coefProbs2 = coefProbs1[i].AsSpan(); 
+                    
                     for (int j = 0; j < Entropy.RefTypes; ++j)
                     {
+                        Span<Array6<Array3<byte>>> coefProbs3 = coefProbs2[j].AsSpan(); 
+                        
                         for (int k = 0; k < Entropy.CoefBands; ++k)
                         {
+                            Span<Array3<byte>> coefProbs4 = coefProbs3[k].AsSpan();
+                            
                             for (int l = 0; l < Entropy.BAND_COEFF_CONTEXTS(k); ++l)
                             {
+                                Span<byte> coefProbs5 = coefProbs4[l].AsSpan();
+                                
                                 for (int m = 0; m < Entropy.UnconstrainedNodes; ++m)
                                 {
-                                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref coefProbs[i][j][k][l][m]);
+                                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref coefProbs5[m]);
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -1185,10 +1234,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
         private static void ReadCoefProbs(ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc, TxMode txMode, ref Reader r)
         {
+            Span<Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>>> coefProbsSpan = fc.CoefProbs.AsSpan();
+            
             int maxTxSize = (int)Luts.TxModeToBiggestTxSize[(int)txMode];
+            
             for (int txSize = (int)TxSize.Tx4X4; txSize <= maxTxSize; ++txSize)
             {
-                ReadCoefProbsCommon(ref fc.CoefProbs[txSize], ref r, txSize);
+                ReadCoefProbsCommon(coefProbsSpan[txSize].AsSpan(), ref r, txSize);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1207,11 +1259,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 lf.ModeRefDeltaUpdate = rb.ReadBit() != 0;
                 if (lf.ModeRefDeltaUpdate)
                 {
+                    Span<sbyte> refDeltasSpan = lf.RefDeltas.AsSpan();
+                    Span<sbyte> modeDeltasSpan = lf.ModeDeltas.AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int i = 0; i < LoopFilter.MaxRefLfDeltas; i++)
                     {
                         if (rb.ReadBit() != 0)
                         {
-                            lf.RefDeltas[i] = (sbyte)rb.ReadSignedLiteral(6);
+                            refDeltasSpan[i] = (sbyte)rb.ReadSignedLiteral(6);
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -1219,7 +1274,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     {
                         if (rb.ReadBit() != 0)
                         {
-                            lf.ModeDeltas[i] = (sbyte)rb.ReadSignedLiteral(6);
+                            modeDeltasSpan[i] = (sbyte)rb.ReadSignedLiteral(6);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1267,6 +1322,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             cm.ResizeContextBuffers(allocator, width, height);
             SetupRenderSize(ref cm, ref rb);
 
+            Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBuffsSpan = pool.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
+
             if (cm.GetFrameNewBuffer().ReallocFrameBuffer(
                     allocator,
                     cm.Width,
@@ -1276,21 +1333,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     cm.UseHighBitDepth,
                     Surface.DecBorderInPixels,
                     cm.ByteAlignment,
-                    new Ptr<VpxCodecFrameBuffer>(ref pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].RawFrameBuffer),
+                    new Ptr<VpxCodecFrameBuffer>(ref frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].RawFrameBuffer),
                     FrameBuffers.GetFrameBuffer,
                     pool.CbPriv) != 0)
             {
                 cm.Error.InternalError(CodecErr.MemError, "Failed to allocate frame buffer");
             }
 
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Released = 0;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Released = 0;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingX = cm.SubsamplingX;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingX = cm.SubsamplingX;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingY = cm.SubsamplingY;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingY = cm.SubsamplingY;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.BitDepth = (uint)cm.BitDepth;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.BitDepth = (uint)cm.BitDepth;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorSpace = cm.ColorSpace;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorSpace = cm.ColorSpace;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorRange = cm.ColorRange;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorRange = cm.ColorRange;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderWidth = cm.RenderWidth;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderWidth = cm.RenderWidth;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderHeight = cm.RenderHeight;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderHeight = cm.RenderHeight;
         }
 
         private static bool ValidRefFrameImgFmt(
@@ -1311,13 +1368,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             bool hasValidRefFrame = false;
             ref BufferPool pool = ref cm.BufferPool.Value;
+            Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
             {
                 if (rb.ReadBit() != 0)
                 {
-                    if (cm.FrameRefs[i].Idx != RefBuffer.InvalidIdx)
+                    if (frameRefsSpan[i].Idx != RefBuffer.InvalidIdx)
                     {
-                        ref Surface buf = ref cm.FrameRefs[i].Buf;
+                        ref Surface buf = ref frameRefsSpan[i].Buf;
                         width = buf.YCropWidth;
                         height = buf.YCropHeight;
                         found = true;
@@ -1342,7 +1401,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // has valid dimensions.
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
             {
-                ref RefBuffer refFrame = ref cm.FrameRefs[i];
+                ref RefBuffer refFrame = ref frameRefsSpan[i];
                 hasValidRefFrame |=
                     refFrame.Idx != RefBuffer.InvalidIdx &&
                     ScaleFactors.ValidRefFrameSize(refFrame.Buf.YCropWidth, refFrame.Buf.YCropHeight, width,
@@ -1356,7 +1415,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
             {
-                ref RefBuffer refFrame = ref cm.FrameRefs[i];
+                ref RefBuffer refFrame = ref frameRefsSpan[i];
                 if (refFrame.Idx == RefBuffer.InvalidIdx ||
                     !ValidRefFrameImgFmt(
                         (BitDepth)refFrame.Buf.BitDepth,
@@ -1374,6 +1433,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             cm.ResizeContextBuffers(allocator, width, height);
             SetupRenderSize(ref cm, ref rb);
             
+            Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBuffsSpan = pool.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
+
             if (cm.GetFrameNewBuffer().ReallocFrameBuffer(
                     allocator,
                     cm.Width,
@@ -1383,21 +1444,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     cm.UseHighBitDepth,
                     Surface.DecBorderInPixels,
                     cm.ByteAlignment,
-                    new Ptr<VpxCodecFrameBuffer>(ref pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].RawFrameBuffer),
+                    new Ptr<VpxCodecFrameBuffer>(ref frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].RawFrameBuffer),
                     FrameBuffers.GetFrameBuffer,
                     pool.CbPriv) != 0)
             {
                 cm.Error.InternalError(CodecErr.MemError, "Failed to allocate frame buffer");
             }
 
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Released = 0;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Released = 0;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingX = cm.SubsamplingX;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingX = cm.SubsamplingX;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingY = cm.SubsamplingY;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.SubsamplingY = cm.SubsamplingY;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.BitDepth = (uint)cm.BitDepth;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.BitDepth = (uint)cm.BitDepth;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorSpace = cm.ColorSpace;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorSpace = cm.ColorSpace;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorRange = cm.ColorRange;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.ColorRange = cm.ColorRange;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderWidth = cm.RenderWidth;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderWidth = cm.RenderWidth;
-            pool.FrameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderHeight = cm.RenderHeight;
+            frameBuffsSpan[cm.NewFbIdx].Buf.RenderHeight = cm.RenderHeight;
         }
 
         // Reads the next tile returning its size and adjusting '*data' accordingly
@@ -1437,7 +1498,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         }
 
         private static void GetTileBuffers(ref Vp9Common cm, ArrayPtr<byte> data, int tileCols,
-            ref Array64<TileBuffer> tileBuffers)
+            Span<TileBuffer> tileBuffers)
         {
             for (int c = 0; c < tileCols; ++c)
             {
@@ -1453,14 +1514,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             ArrayPtr<byte> data,
             int tileCols,
             int tileRows,
-            ref Array4<Array64<TileBuffer>> tileBuffers)
+            Span<Array64<TileBuffer>> tileBuffers1)
         {
             for (int r = 0; r < tileRows; ++r)
             {
+                Span<TileBuffer> tileBuffers2 = tileBuffers1[r].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int c = 0; c < tileCols; ++c)
                 {
                     bool isLast = r == tileRows - 1 && c == tileCols - 1;
-                    ref TileBuffer buf = ref tileBuffers[r][c];
+                    ref TileBuffer buf = ref tileBuffers2[c];
                     GetTileBuffer(isLast, ref cm.Error, ref data, ref buf);
                 }
             }
@@ -1485,14 +1548,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             LoopFilter.ResetLfm(ref cm);
             
-            GetTileBuffers(ref cm, data, tileCols, tileRows, ref tileBuffers);
+            Span<Array64<TileBuffer>> tileBuffers1 = tileBuffers.AsSpan();
+            Span<TileWorkerData> tileWorkerDataSpan = cm.TileWorkerData.AsSpan();
+
+            GetTileBuffers(ref cm, data, tileCols, tileRows, tileBuffers1);
             // Load all tile information into tile_data.
             for (tileRow = 0; tileRow < tileRows; ++tileRow)
             {
+                Span<TileBuffer> tileBuffers2 = tileBuffers1[tileRow].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (tileCol = 0; tileCol < tileCols; ++tileCol)
                 {
-                    ref TileBuffer buf = ref tileBuffers[tileRow][tileCol];
+                    ref TileBuffer buf = ref tileBuffers2[tileCol];
-                    ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cm.TileWorkerData[(tileCols * tileRow) + tileCol];
+                    ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref tileWorkerDataSpan[(tileCols * tileRow) + tileCol];
                     tileData.Xd = cm.Mb;
                     tileData.Xd.Corrupted = false;
                     tileData.Xd.Counts = cm.Counts;
@@ -1512,7 +1580,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     for (tileCol = 0; tileCol < tileCols; ++tileCol)
                     {
                         int col = tileCol;
-                        ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cm.TileWorkerData[(tileCols * tileRow) + col];
+                        ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref tileWorkerDataSpan[(tileCols * tileRow) + col];
                         tile.SetCol(ref cm, col);
                         tileData.Xd.LeftContext = new Array3<Array16<sbyte>>();
                         tileData.Xd.LeftSegContext = new Array8<sbyte>();
@@ -1531,11 +1599,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             }
 
             // Get last tile data.
-            return cm.TileWorkerData[(tileCols * tileRows) - 1].BitReader.FindEnd();
+            return tileWorkerDataSpan[(tileCols * tileRows) - 1].BitReader.FindEnd();
         }
 
         private static bool DecodeTileCol(ref TileWorkerData tileData, ref Vp9Common cm,
-            ref Array64<TileBuffer> tileBuffers)
+            Span<TileBuffer> tileBuffers)
         {
             ref TileInfo tile = ref tileData.Xd.Tile;
             int finalCol = (1 << cm.Log2TileCols) - 1;
@@ -1594,9 +1662,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             cm.AboveContext.AsSpan().Clear();
             cm.AboveSegContext.AsSpan().Clear();
             
+            Span<TileWorkerData> tileWorkerDataSpan = cm.TileWorkerData.AsSpan();
+
             for (n = 0; n < numWorkers; ++n)
             {
-                ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cm.TileWorkerData[n + totalTiles];
+                ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref tileWorkerDataSpan[n + totalTiles];
 
                 tileData.Xd = cm.Mb;
                 tileData.Xd.Counts = new Ptr<Vp9BackwardUpdates>(ref tileData.Counts);
@@ -1604,17 +1674,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             }
 
             Array64<TileBuffer> tileBuffers = new();
+            Span<TileBuffer> tileBuffersSpan = tileBuffers.AsSpan();
 
-            GetTileBuffers(ref cm, data, tileCols, ref tileBuffers);
+            GetTileBuffers(ref cm, data, tileCols, tileBuffersSpan);
 
-            tileBuffers.AsSpan()[..tileCols].Sort(CompareTileBuffers);
+            tileBuffersSpan[..tileCols].Sort(CompareTileBuffers);
 
             if (numWorkers == tileCols)
             {
-                TileBuffer largest = tileBuffers[0];
+                TileBuffer largest = tileBuffersSpan[0];
-                Span<TileBuffer> buffers = tileBuffers.AsSpan();
+                tileBuffersSpan[1..].CopyTo(tileBuffersSpan[..^1]);
-                buffers[1..].CopyTo(buffers[..(tileBuffers.Length - 1)]);
+                tileBuffersSpan[tileCols - 1] = largest;
-                tileBuffers[tileCols - 1] = largest;
             }
             else
             {
@@ -1625,9 +1695,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 // larger tile implies it is more difficult to decode.
                 while (start < end)
                 {
-                    tmp = tileBuffers[start];
+                    tmp = tileBuffersSpan[start];
-                    tileBuffers[start] = tileBuffers[end];
+                    tileBuffersSpan[start] = tileBuffersSpan[end];
-                    tileBuffers[end] = tmp;
+                    tileBuffersSpan[end] = tmp;
                     start += 2;
                     end -= 2;
                 }
@@ -1640,7 +1710,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             for (n = 0; n < numWorkers; ++n)
             {
                 int count = baseVal + ((remain + n) / numWorkers);
-                ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cm.TileWorkerData[n + totalTiles];
+                ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref tileWorkerDataSpan[n + totalTiles];
 
                 tileData.BufStart = bufStart;
                 tileData.BufEnd = bufStart + count - 1;
@@ -1654,7 +1724,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cmPtr.Value.TileWorkerData[n + totalTiles];
 
-                if (!DecodeTileCol(ref tileData, ref cmPtr.Value, ref tileBuffers))
+                if (!DecodeTileCol(ref tileData, ref cmPtr.Value, tileBuffers.AsSpan()))
                 {
                     cmPtr.Value.Mb.Corrupted = true;
                 }
@@ -1664,14 +1734,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 if (bitReaderEnd.IsNull)
                 {
-                    ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cm.TileWorkerData[n - 1 + totalTiles];
+                    ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref tileWorkerDataSpan[n - 1 + totalTiles];
                     bitReaderEnd = tileData.DataEnd;
                 }
             }
 
             for (n = 0; n < numWorkers; ++n)
             {
-                ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref cm.TileWorkerData[n + totalTiles];
+                ref TileWorkerData tileData = ref tileWorkerDataSpan[n + totalTiles];
                 AccumulateFrameCounts(ref cm.Counts.Value, ref tileData.Counts);
             }
 
@@ -1705,7 +1775,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             if (cm.FrameType == FrameType.KeyFrame && cm.CurrentVideoFrame > 0)
             {
-                ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = ref cm.BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs;
+                Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBuffs = cm.BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
                 ref BufferPool pool = ref cm.BufferPool.Value;
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.FrameBuffers; ++i)
@@ -1715,11 +1785,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    frameBufs[i].RefCount = 0;
+                    frameBuffs[i].RefCount = 0;
-                    if (frameBufs[i].Released == 0)
+                    if (frameBuffs[i].Released == 0)
                     {
-                        FrameBuffers.ReleaseFrameBuffer(pool.CbPriv, ref frameBufs[i].RawFrameBuffer);
+                        FrameBuffers.ReleaseFrameBuffer(pool.CbPriv, ref frameBuffs[i].RawFrameBuffer);
-                        frameBufs[i].Released = 1;
+                        frameBuffs[i].Released = 1;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1742,7 +1812,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                    readSyncCode2 == SyncCode2;
         }
 
-        private static void RefCntFb(ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> bufs, ref int idx, int newIdx)
+        private static void RefCntFb(Span<RefCntBuffer> bufs, ref int idx, int newIdx)
         {
             int refIndex = idx;
 
@@ -1761,13 +1831,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             ref Vp9Common cm = ref pbi.Common;
             ref BufferPool pool = ref cm.BufferPool.Value;
-            ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = ref pool.FrameBufs;
+            Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBuffs = pool.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
             int mask, refIndex = 0;
             ulong sz;
 
             cm.LastFrameType = cm.FrameType;
             cm.LastIntraOnly = cm.IntraOnly;
 
+            Span<int> refFrameSpan = cm.RefFrameMap.AsSpan();
+
             if (rb.ReadLiteral(2) != FrameMarker)
             {
                 cm.Error.InternalError(CodecErr.UnsupBitstream, "Invalid frame marker");
@@ -1783,14 +1855,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             if (cm.ShowExistingFrame != 0)
             {
                 // Show an existing frame directly.
-                int frameToShow = cm.RefFrameMap[rb.ReadLiteral(3)];
+                int frameToShow = refFrameSpan[rb.ReadLiteral(3)];
-                if (frameToShow < 0 || frameBufs[frameToShow].RefCount < 1)
+                if (frameToShow < 0 || frameBuffs[frameToShow].RefCount < 1)
                 {
                     cm.Error.InternalError(CodecErr.UnsupBitstream,
                         $"Buffer {frameToShow} does not contain a decoded frame");
                 }
 
-                RefCntFb(ref frameBufs, ref cm.NewFbIdx, frameToShow);
+                RefCntFb(frameBuffs, ref cm.NewFbIdx, frameToShow);
                 pbi.RefreshFrameFlags = 0;
                 cm.Lf.FilterLevel = 0;
                 cm.ShowFrame = 1;
@@ -1812,16 +1884,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 cm.ReadBitdepthColorspaceSampling(ref rb);
                 pbi.RefreshFrameFlags = (1 << Constants.RefFrames) - 1;
 
+                Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
                 {
-                    cm.FrameRefs[i].Idx = RefBuffer.InvalidIdx;
+                    frameRefsSpan[i].Idx = RefBuffer.InvalidIdx;
-                    cm.FrameRefs[i].Buf = default;
+                    frameRefsSpan[i].Buf = default;
                 }
 
                 SetupFrameSize(allocator, ref cm, ref rb);
                 if (pbi.NeedResync != 0)
                 {
-                    cm.RefFrameMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
+                    refFrameSpan.Fill(-1);
                     FlushAllFbOnKey(ref cm);
                     pbi.NeedResync = 0;
                 }
@@ -1860,22 +1934,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     SetupFrameSize(allocator, ref cm, ref rb);
                     if (pbi.NeedResync != 0)
                     {
-                        cm.RefFrameMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
+                        refFrameSpan.Fill(-1);
                         pbi.NeedResync = 0;
                     }
                 }
                 else if (pbi.NeedResync != 1)
                 {
+                    Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
+                    Span<sbyte> refFrameSignBiasSpan = cm.RefFrameSignBias.AsSpan();
+                    
                     /* Skip if need resync */
                     pbi.RefreshFrameFlags = rb.ReadLiteral(Constants.RefFrames);
                     for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
                     {
                         int refr = rb.ReadLiteral(Constants.RefFramesLog2);
-                        int idx = cm.RefFrameMap[refr];
+                        int idx = refFrameSpan[refr];
-                        ref RefBuffer refFrame = ref cm.FrameRefs[i];
+                        ref RefBuffer refFrame = ref frameRefsSpan[i];
                         refFrame.Idx = idx;
-                        refFrame.Buf = frameBufs[idx].Buf;
+                        refFrame.Buf = frameBuffs[idx].Buf;
-                        cm.RefFrameSignBias[Constants.LastFrame + i] = (sbyte)rb.ReadBit();
+                        refFrameSignBiasSpan[Constants.LastFrame + i] = (sbyte)rb.ReadBit();
                     }
 
                     SetupFrameSizeWithRefs(allocator, ref cm, ref rb);
@@ -1885,7 +1962,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
                     for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
                     {
-                        ref RefBuffer refBuf = ref cm.FrameRefs[i];
+                        ref RefBuffer refBuf = ref frameRefsSpan[i];
                         refBuf.Sf.SetupScaleFactorsForFrame(
                             refBuf.Buf.YCropWidth,
                             refBuf.Buf.YCropHeight,
@@ -1926,23 +2003,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // below, forcing the use of context 0 for those frame types.
             cm.FrameContextIdx = (uint)rb.ReadLiteral(Constants.FrameContextsLog2);
 
+            Span<int> nextRefFrameMapSpan = cm.NextRefFrameMap.AsSpan();
+
             // Generate next_ref_frame_map.
             for (mask = pbi.RefreshFrameFlags; mask != 0; mask >>= 1)
             {
                 if ((mask & 1) != 0)
                 {
-                    cm.NextRefFrameMap[refIndex] = cm.NewFbIdx;
+                    nextRefFrameMapSpan[refIndex] = cm.NewFbIdx;
-                    ++frameBufs[cm.NewFbIdx].RefCount;
+                    ++frameBuffs[cm.NewFbIdx].RefCount;
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    cm.NextRefFrameMap[refIndex] = cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex];
+                    nextRefFrameMapSpan[refIndex] = cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex];
                 }
 
                 // Current thread holds the reference frame.
                 if (cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex] >= 0)
                 {
-                    ++frameBufs[cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex]].RefCount;
+                    ++frameBuffs[cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex]].RefCount;
                 }
 
                 ++refIndex;
@@ -1950,11 +2029,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             for (; refIndex < Constants.RefFrames; ++refIndex)
             {
-                cm.NextRefFrameMap[refIndex] = cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex];
+                nextRefFrameMapSpan[refIndex] = refFrameSpan[refIndex];
                 // Current thread holds the reference frame.
-                if (cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex] >= 0)
+                if (refFrameSpan[refIndex] >= 0)
                 {
-                    ++frameBufs[cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex]].RefCount;
+                    ++frameBuffs[refFrameSpan[refIndex]].RefCount;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -2001,9 +2080,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             ReadCoefProbs(ref fc, cm.TxMode, ref r);
 
+            Span<byte> skipProbSpan = fc.SkipProb.AsSpan();
+
             for (int k = 0; k < Constants.SkipContexts; ++k)
             {
-                r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.SkipProb[k]);
+                r.DiffUpdateProb(ref skipProbSpan[k]);
             }
 
             if (!cm.FrameIsIntraOnly())
@@ -2015,9 +2096,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     ReadSwitchableInterpProbs(ref fc, ref r);
                 }
                 
+                Span<byte> intraInterProbSpan = fc.IntraInterProb.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.IntraInterContexts; i++)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.IntraInterProb[i]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref intraInterProbSpan[i]);
                 }
 
                 cm.ReferenceMode = cm.ReadFrameReferenceMode(ref r);
@@ -2028,19 +2111,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
                 cm.ReadFrameReferenceModeProbs(ref r);
                 
+                Span<Array9<byte>> yModeProbSpan1 = fc.YModeProb.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int j = 0; j < EntropyMode.BlockSizeGroups; j++)
                 {
+                    Span<byte> yModeProbSpan2 = yModeProbSpan1[j].AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int i = 0; i < Constants.IntraModes - 1; ++i)
                     {
-                        r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.YModeProb[j][i]);
+                        r.DiffUpdateProb(ref yModeProbSpan2[i]);
                     }
                 }
                 
+                Span<Array3<byte>> partitionProbSpan1 = fc.PartitionProb.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int j = 0; j < Constants.PartitionContexts; ++j)
                 {
+                    Span<byte> partitionProbSpan2 = partitionProbSpan1[j].AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int i = 0; i < Constants.PartitionTypes - 1; ++i)
                     {
-                        r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.PartitionProb[j][i]);
+                        r.DiffUpdateProb(ref partitionProbSpan2[i]);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -2098,7 +2189,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             xd.SetupBlockPlanes(cm.SubsamplingX, cm.SubsamplingY);
 
-            cm.Fc = new Ptr<Vp9EntropyProbs>(ref cm.FrameContexts[(int)cm.FrameContextIdx]);
+            Span<Vp9EntropyProbs> frameContextsSpan = cm.FrameContexts.AsSpan();
+
+            cm.Fc = new Ptr<Vp9EntropyProbs>(ref frameContextsSpan[(int)cm.FrameContextIdx]);
 
             xd.Corrupted = false;
             newFb.Corrupted = ReadCompressedHeader(ref pbi, data, firstPartitionSize) ? 1 : 0;
@@ -2167,7 +2260,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // Non frame parallel update frame context here.
             if (cm.RefreshFrameContext != 0 && contextUpdated == 0)
             {
-                cm.FrameContexts[(int)cm.FrameContextIdx] = cm.Fc.Value;
+                frameContextsSpan[(int)cm.FrameContextIdx] = cm.Fc.Value;
             }
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/DecodeMv.cs

@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             return PredictionMode.NearestMv + mode;
         }
 
-        private static int ReadSegmentId(ref Reader r, ref Array7<byte> segTreeProbs)
+        private static int ReadSegmentId(ref Reader r, ReadOnlySpan<byte> segTreeProbs)
         {
-            return r.ReadTree(Luts.SegmentTree, segTreeProbs.AsSpan());
+            return r.ReadTree(Luts.SegmentTree, segTreeProbs);
         }
 
         private static ReadOnlySpan<byte> GetTxProbs(ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc, TxSize maxTxSize, int ctx)
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 return 0;
             }
 
-            segmentId = ReadSegmentId(ref r, ref cm.Fc.Value.SegTreeProb);
+            segmentId = ReadSegmentId(ref r, cm.Fc.Value.SegTreeProb.AsSpan());
             SetSegmentId(ref cm, miOffset, xMis, yMis, segmentId);
             return segmentId;
         }
@@ -223,15 +223,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             if (seg.TemporalUpdate)
             {
-                byte predProb = Segmentation.GetPredProbSegId(ref cm.Fc.Value.SegPredProb, ref xd);
+                byte predProb = Segmentation.GetPredProbSegId(cm.Fc.Value.SegPredProb.AsSpan(), ref xd);
                 mi.SegIdPredicted = (sbyte)r.Read(predProb);
                 segmentId = mi.SegIdPredicted != 0
                     ? predictedSegmentId
-                    : ReadSegmentId(ref r, ref cm.Fc.Value.SegTreeProb);
+                    : ReadSegmentId(ref r, cm.Fc.Value.SegTreeProb.AsSpan());
             }
             else
             {
-                segmentId = ReadSegmentId(ref r, ref cm.Fc.Value.SegTreeProb);
+                segmentId = ReadSegmentId(ref r, cm.Fc.Value.SegTreeProb.AsSpan());
             }
 
             SetSegmentId(ref cm, miOffset, xMis, yMis, segmentId);
@@ -272,10 +272,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 int n = (int)mvClass + Constants.Class0Bits - 1; // Number of bits
 
+                Span<byte> bitsSpan = fc.Bits[mvcomp].AsSpan();
+                
                 d = 0;
                 for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
                 {
-                    d |= r.Read(fc.Bits[mvcomp][i]) << i;
+                    d |= r.Read(bitsSpan[i]) << i;
                 }
 
                 mag = Constants.Class0Size << ((int)mvClass + 2);
@@ -343,7 +345,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             ref MacroBlockD xd,
             ref Reader r,
             int segmentId,
-            ref Array2<sbyte> refFrame)
+            Span<sbyte> refFrame)
         {
             ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc = ref cm.Fc.Value;
 
@@ -418,23 +420,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             BlockSize bsize = mi.SbType;
 
+            Span<BModeInfo> bmiSpan = mi.Bmi.AsSpan();
+
             switch (bsize)
             {
                 case BlockSize.Block4X4:
                     for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
                     {
-                        mi.Bmi[i].Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
+                        bmiSpan[i].Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
                     }
 
-                    mi.Mode = mi.Bmi[3].Mode;
+                    mi.Mode = bmiSpan[3].Mode;
                     break;
                 case BlockSize.Block4X8:
-                    mi.Bmi[0].Mode = mi.Bmi[2].Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
+                    bmiSpan[0].Mode = bmiSpan[2].Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
-                    mi.Bmi[1].Mode = mi.Bmi[3].Mode = mi.Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
+                    bmiSpan[1].Mode = bmiSpan[3].Mode = mi.Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
                     break;
                 case BlockSize.Block8X4:
-                    mi.Bmi[0].Mode = mi.Bmi[1].Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
+                    bmiSpan[0].Mode = bmiSpan[1].Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
-                    mi.Bmi[2].Mode = mi.Bmi[3].Mode = mi.Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
+                    bmiSpan[2].Mode = bmiSpan[3].Mode = mi.Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, 0);
                     break;
                 default:
                     mi.Mode = ReadIntraModeY(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, Luts.SizeGroupLookup[(int)bsize]);
@@ -447,29 +451,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // modes in GetPredContextSwitchableInterp()
             mi.InterpFilter = Constants.SwitchableFilters;
 
-            mi.RefFrame[0] = Constants.IntraFrame;
+            Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
-            mi.RefFrame[1] = Constants.None;
-        }
             
-        private static void CopyPair(ref Array2<Mv> dst, ref Array2<Mv> src)
+            refFrameSpan[0] = Constants.IntraFrame;
-        {
+            refFrameSpan[1] = Constants.None;
-            dst[0] = src[0];
-            dst[1] = src[1];
-        }
-
-        private static void ZeroPair(ref Array2<Mv> dst)
-        {
-            dst[0] = new Mv();
-            dst[1] = new Mv();
         }
 
         private static bool Assign(
             ref Vp9Common cm,
             ref MacroBlockD xd,
             PredictionMode mode,
-            ref Array2<Mv> mv,
+            Span<Mv> mv,
-            ref Array2<Mv> refMv,
+            Span<Mv> refMv,
-            ref Array2<Mv> nearNearestMv,
+            Span<Mv> nearNearestMv,
             int isCompound,
             bool allowHp,
             ref Reader r)
@@ -491,12 +485,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 case PredictionMode.NearMv:
                 case PredictionMode.NearestMv:
                     {
-                        CopyPair(ref mv, ref nearNearestMv);
+                        nearNearestMv.CopyTo(mv);
                         break;
                     }
                 case PredictionMode.ZeroMv:
                     {
-                        ZeroPair(ref mv);
+                        mv.Clear();
                         break;
                     }
                 default:
@@ -559,26 +553,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         private static bool IsDiffRefFrameAddEb(
             ref ModeInfo mbmi,
             sbyte refFrame,
-            ref Array4<sbyte> refSignBias,
+            Span<sbyte> refSignBias,
             ref int refmvCount,
             Span<Mv> mvRefList,
             bool earlyBreak)
         {
             if (mbmi.IsInterBlock())
             {
-                if (mbmi.RefFrame[0] != refFrame)
+                Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mbmi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                Span<Mv> mvSpan = mbmi.Mv.AsSpan();
+                
+                if (refFrameSpan[0] != refFrame)
                 {
-                    if (AddRefListEb(mbmi.ScaleMv(0, refFrame, ref refSignBias), ref refmvCount, mvRefList,
+                    if (AddRefListEb(mbmi.ScaleMv(0, refFrame, refSignBias), ref refmvCount, mvRefList,
                             earlyBreak))
                     {
                         return true;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mbmi.HasSecondRef() && mbmi.RefFrame[1] != refFrame &&
+                if (mbmi.HasSecondRef() && refFrameSpan[1] != refFrame &&
-                    Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref mbmi.Mv[1]) != Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref mbmi.Mv[0]))
+                    Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref mvSpan[1]) != Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref mvSpan[0]))
                 {
-                    if (AddRefListEb(mbmi.ScaleMv(1, refFrame, ref refSignBias), ref refmvCount, mvRefList,
+                    if (AddRefListEb(mbmi.ScaleMv(1, refFrame, refSignBias), ref refmvCount, mvRefList,
                             earlyBreak))
                     {
                         return true;
@@ -603,7 +600,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             int block,
             int isSub8X8)
         {
-            ref Array4<sbyte> refSignBias = ref cm.RefFrameSignBias;
+            Span<sbyte> refSignBias = cm.RefFrameSignBias.AsSpan();
             int i, refmvCount = 0;
             bool differentRefFound = false;
             Ptr<MvRef> prevFrameMvs = cm.UsePrevFrameMvs
@@ -630,7 +627,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         ref ModeInfo candidateMi = ref xd.Mi[mvRef.Col + (mvRef.Row * xd.MiStride)].Value;
                         differentRefFound = true;
 
-                        if (candidateMi.RefFrame[0] == refFrame)
+                        Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = candidateMi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                        
+                        if (refFrameSpan[0] == refFrame)
                         {
                             if (AddRefListEb(candidateMi.GetSubBlockMv(0, mvRef.Col, block), ref refmvCount,
                                     mvRefList, earlyBreak))
@@ -638,7 +637,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                                 goto Done;
                             }
                         }
-                        else if (candidateMi.RefFrame[1] == refFrame)
+                        else if (refFrameSpan[1] == refFrame)
                         {
                             if (AddRefListEb(candidateMi.GetSubBlockMv(1, mvRef.Col, block), ref refmvCount,
                                     mvRefList, earlyBreak))
@@ -661,16 +660,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     ref ModeInfo candidate = ref xd.Mi[mvRef.Col + (mvRef.Row * xd.MiStride)].Value;
                     differentRefFound = true;
                     
-                    if (candidate.RefFrame[0] == refFrame)
+                    Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = candidate.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                    Span<Mv> mvSpan = candidate.Mv.AsSpan();
+
+                    if (refFrameSpan[0] == refFrame)
                     {
-                        if (AddRefListEb(candidate.Mv[0], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
+                        if (AddRefListEb(mvSpan[0], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
                         {
                             goto Done;
                         }
                     }
-                    else if (candidate.RefFrame[1] == refFrame)
+                    else if (refFrameSpan[1] == refFrame)
                     {
-                        if (AddRefListEb(candidate.Mv[1], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
+                        if (AddRefListEb(mvSpan[1], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
                         {
                             goto Done;
                         }
@@ -681,16 +683,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // Check the last frame's mode and mv info.
             if (!prevFrameMvs.IsNull)
             {
-                if (prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[0] == refFrame)
+                Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                Span<Mv> mvSpan = prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv.AsSpan();
+                
+                if (refFrameSpan[0] == refFrame)
                 {
-                    if (AddRefListEb(prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv[0], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
+                    if (AddRefListEb(mvSpan[0], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
                     {
                         goto Done;
                     }
                 }
-                else if (prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[1] == refFrame)
+                else if (refFrameSpan[1] == refFrame)
                 {
-                    if (AddRefListEb(prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv[1], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
+                    if (AddRefListEb(mvSpan[1], ref refmvCount, mvRefList, earlyBreak))
                     {
                         goto Done;
                     }
@@ -710,7 +715,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         ref ModeInfo candidate = ref xd.Mi[mvRef.Col + (mvRef.Row * xd.MiStride)].Value;
 
                         // If the candidate is Intra we don't want to consider its mv.
-                        if (IsDiffRefFrameAddEb(ref candidate, refFrame, ref refSignBias, ref refmvCount, mvRefList,
+                        if (IsDiffRefFrameAddEb(ref candidate, refFrame, refSignBias, ref refmvCount, mvRefList,
                                 earlyBreak))
                         {
                             goto Done;
@@ -722,10 +727,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             // Since we still don't have a candidate we'll try the last frame.
             if (!prevFrameMvs.IsNull)
             {
-                if (prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[0] != refFrame && prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[0] > Constants.IntraFrame)
+                Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                Span<Mv> mvSpan = prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv.AsSpan();
+                
+                if (refFrameSpan[0] != refFrame && refFrameSpan[0] > Constants.IntraFrame)
                 {
-                    Mv mv = prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv[0];
+                    Mv mv = mvSpan[0];
-                    if (refSignBias[prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[0]] != refSignBias[refFrame])
+                    if (refSignBias[refFrameSpan[0]] != refSignBias[refFrame])
                     {
                         mv.Row *= -1;
                         mv.Col *= -1;
@@ -737,13 +745,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[1] > Constants.IntraFrame &&
+                if (refFrameSpan[1] > Constants.IntraFrame &&
-                    prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[1] != refFrame &&
+                    refFrameSpan[1] != refFrame &&
-                    Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv[1]) !=
+                    Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref mvSpan[1]) !=
-                    Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv[0]))
+                    Unsafe.As<Mv, int>(ref mvSpan[0]))
                 {
-                    Mv mv = prevFrameMvs.Value.Mv[1];
+                    Mv mv = mvSpan[1];
-                    if (refSignBias[prevFrameMvs.Value.RefFrame[1]] != refSignBias[refFrame])
+                    if (refSignBias[refFrameSpan[1]] != refSignBias[refFrame])
                     {
                         mv.Row *= -1;
                         mv.Col *= -1;
@@ -789,7 +797,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             Span<Mv> mvList = stackalloc Mv[Constants.MaxMvRefCandidates];
             ref ModeInfo mi = ref xd.Mi[0].Value;
-            ref Array4<BModeInfo> bmi = ref mi.Bmi;
+            Span<BModeInfo> bmi = mi.Bmi.AsSpan();
             int refmvCount;
 
             Debug.Assert(Constants.MaxMvRefCandidates == 2);
@@ -884,11 +892,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             BlockSize bsize = mi.SbType;
             bool allowHp = cm.AllowHighPrecisionMv;
             Array2<Mv> bestRefMvs = new();
+            Span<Mv> bestRefMvsSpan = bestRefMvs.AsSpan();
             int refr, isCompound;
             byte interModeCtx;
             Span<Position> mvRefSearch = Luts.MvRefBlocks[(int)bsize];
 
-            ReadRefFrames(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, mi.SegmentId, ref mi.RefFrame);
+            ReadRefFrames(ref cm, ref xd, ref r, mi.SegmentId, mi.RefFrame.AsSpan());
             isCompound = mi.HasSecondRef() ? 1 : 0;
             interModeCtx = GetModeContext(ref cm, ref xd, mvRefSearch, miRow, miCol);
 
@@ -920,16 +929,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 if (mi.Mode != PredictionMode.ZeroMv)
                 {
                     Span<Mv> tmpMvs = stackalloc Mv[Constants.MaxMvRefCandidates];
+                    Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
 
                     for (refr = 0; refr < 1 + isCompound; ++refr)
                     {
-                        sbyte frame = mi.RefFrame[refr];
+                        sbyte frame = refFrameSpan[refr];
                         int refmvCount;
 
                         refmvCount = DecFindRefs(ref cm, ref xd, mi.Mode, frame, mvRefSearch, tmpMvs, miRow, miCol,
                             -1, 0);
 
-                        DecFindBestRefs(allowHp, tmpMvs, ref bestRefMvs[refr], refmvCount);
+                        DecFindBestRefs(allowHp, tmpMvs, ref bestRefMvsSpan[refr], refmvCount);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -945,10 +955,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 int idx, idy;
                 PredictionMode bMode = 0;
                 Array2<Mv> bestSub8X8 = new();
+                Span<Mv> bestSub8X8Span = bestSub8X8.AsSpan();
+                Span<BModeInfo> bmiSpan = mi.Bmi.AsSpan();
                 const uint InvalidMv = 0x80008000;
                 // Initialize the 2nd element as even though it won't be used meaningfully
                 // if isCompound is false.
-                Unsafe.As<Mv, uint>(ref bestSub8X8[1]) = InvalidMv;
+                Unsafe.As<Mv, uint>(ref bestSub8X8Span[1]) = InvalidMv;
                 for (idy = 0; idy < 2; idy += num4X4H)
                 {
                     for (idx = 0; idx < 2; idx += num4X4W)
@@ -961,11 +973,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                             for (refr = 0; refr < 1 + isCompound; ++refr)
                             {
                                 AppendSub8X8ForIdx(ref cm, ref xd, mvRefSearch, bMode, j, refr, miRow, miCol,
-                                    ref bestSub8X8[refr]);
+                                    ref bestSub8X8Span[refr]);
                             }
                         }
 
-                        if (!Assign(ref cm, ref xd, bMode, ref mi.Bmi[j].Mv, ref bestRefMvs, ref bestSub8X8,
+                        if (!Assign(ref cm, ref xd, bMode, bmiSpan[j].Mv.AsSpan(), bestRefMvs.AsSpan(), bestSub8X8.AsSpan(),
                                 isCompound, allowHp, ref r))
                         {
                             xd.Corrupted |= true;
@@ -974,23 +986,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
                         if (num4X4H == 2)
                         {
-                            mi.Bmi[j + 2] = mi.Bmi[j];
+                            bmiSpan[j + 2] = bmiSpan[j];
                         }
 
                         if (num4X4W == 2)
                         {
-                            mi.Bmi[j + 1] = mi.Bmi[j];
+                            bmiSpan[j + 1] = bmiSpan[j];
                         }
                     }
                 }
 
                 mi.Mode = bMode;
-
+                bmiSpan[3].Mv.AsSpan().CopyTo(mi.Mv.AsSpan());
-                CopyPair(ref mi.Mv, ref mi.Bmi[3].Mv);
             }
             else
             {
-                xd.Corrupted |= !Assign(ref cm, ref xd, mi.Mode, ref mi.Mv, ref bestRefMvs, ref bestRefMvs,
+                xd.Corrupted |= !Assign(ref cm, ref xd, mi.Mode, mi.Mv.AsSpan(), bestRefMvs.AsSpan(), bestRefMvs.AsSpan(),
                     isCompound, allowHp, ref r);
             }
         }
@@ -1082,33 +1093,42 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             int miOffset = (miRow * cm.MiCols) + miCol;
 
+            Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mi.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+
             mi.Value.SegmentId = (sbyte)ReadIntraSegmentId(ref cm, miOffset, xMis, yMis, ref r);
             mi.Value.Skip = (sbyte)ReadSkip(ref cm, ref xd, mi.Value.SegmentId, ref r);
             mi.Value.TxSize = ReadTxSize(ref cm, ref xd, true, ref r);
-            mi.Value.RefFrame[0] = Constants.IntraFrame;
+            refFrameSpan[0] = Constants.IntraFrame;
-            mi.Value.RefFrame[1] = Constants.None;
+            refFrameSpan[1] = Constants.None;
 
+            Span<BModeInfo> bmiSpan;
             switch (bsize)
             {
                 case BlockSize.Block4X4:
+                    bmiSpan = mi.Value.Bmi.AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
                     {
-                        mi.Value.Bmi[i].Mode =
+                        bmiSpan[i].Mode =
                             ReadIntraMode(ref r, GetYModeProbs(ref cm.Fc.Value, mi, aboveMi, leftMi, i));
                     }
 
-                    mi.Value.Mode = mi.Value.Bmi[3].Mode;
+                    mi.Value.Mode = bmiSpan[3].Mode;
                     break;
                 case BlockSize.Block4X8:
-                    mi.Value.Bmi[0].Mode = mi.Value.Bmi[2].Mode =
+                    bmiSpan = mi.Value.Bmi.AsSpan();
+                    
+                    bmiSpan[0].Mode = bmiSpan[2].Mode =
                         ReadIntraMode(ref r, GetYModeProbs(ref cm.Fc.Value, mi, aboveMi, leftMi, 0));
-                    mi.Value.Bmi[1].Mode = mi.Value.Bmi[3].Mode = mi.Value.Mode =
+                    bmiSpan[1].Mode = bmiSpan[3].Mode = mi.Value.Mode =
                         ReadIntraMode(ref r, GetYModeProbs(ref cm.Fc.Value, mi, aboveMi, leftMi, 1));
                     break;
                 case BlockSize.Block8X4:
-                    mi.Value.Bmi[0].Mode = mi.Value.Bmi[1].Mode =
+                    bmiSpan = mi.Value.Bmi.AsSpan();
+                    
+                    bmiSpan[0].Mode = bmiSpan[1].Mode =
                         ReadIntraMode(ref r, GetYModeProbs(ref cm.Fc.Value, mi, aboveMi, leftMi, 0));
-                    mi.Value.Bmi[2].Mode = mi.Value.Bmi[3].Mode = mi.Value.Mode =
+                    bmiSpan[2].Mode = bmiSpan[3].Mode = mi.Value.Mode =
                         ReadIntraMode(ref r, GetYModeProbs(ref cm.Fc.Value, mi, aboveMi, leftMi, 2));
                     break;
                 default:
@@ -1119,12 +1139,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             mi.Value.UvMode = ReadIntraMode(ref r, cm.Fc.Value.KfUvModeProb[(int)mi.Value.Mode].AsSpan());
         }
 
-        private static void CopyRefFramePair(ref Array2<sbyte> dst, ref Array2<sbyte> src)
-        {
-            dst[0] = src[0];
-            dst[1] = src[1];
-        }
-
         public static void ReadModeInfo(
             ref TileWorkerData twd,
             ref Vp9Common cm,
@@ -1151,8 +1165,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     for (int w = 0; w < xMis; ++w)
                     {
                         ref MvRef mv = ref frameMvs[w];
-                        CopyRefFramePair(ref mv.RefFrame, ref mi.RefFrame);
+                        mi.RefFrame.AsSpan().CopyTo(mv.RefFrame.AsSpan());
-                        CopyPair(ref mv.Mv, ref mi.Mv);
+                        mi.Mv.AsSpan().CopyTo(mv.Mv.AsSpan());
                     }
 
                     frameMvs = frameMvs.Slice(cm.MiCols);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Decoder.cs

@@ -89,9 +89,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             cm.Lf.RefDeltas = pictureInfo.RefDeltas;
             cm.Lf.ModeDeltas = pictureInfo.ModeDeltas;
 
-            cm.FrameRefs[0].Buf = (Surface)pictureInfo.LastReference;
+            Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
-            cm.FrameRefs[1].Buf = (Surface)pictureInfo.GoldenReference;
+            frameRefsSpan[0].Buf = (Surface)pictureInfo.LastReference;
-            cm.FrameRefs[2].Buf = (Surface)pictureInfo.AltReference;
+            frameRefsSpan[1].Buf = (Surface)pictureInfo.GoldenReference;
+            frameRefsSpan[2].Buf = (Surface)pictureInfo.AltReference;
             cm.Mb.CurBuf = (Surface)output;
 
             cm.Mb.SetupBlockPlanes(1, 1);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Detokenize.cs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             PlaneType type,
             Span<int> dqcoeff,
             TxSize txSize,
-            ref Array2<short> dq,
+            ReadOnlySpan<short> dq,
             int ctx,
             ReadOnlySpan<short> scan,
             ReadOnlySpan<short> nb,
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc = ref xd.Fc.Value;
             int refr = xd.Mi[0].Value.IsInterBlock() ? 1 : 0;
             int band, c = 0;
-            ref Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>> coefProbs = ref fc.CoefProbs[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr];
+            ReadOnlySpan<Array6<Array3<byte>>> coefProbs = fc.CoefProbs[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr].AsSpan();
             Span<byte> tokenCache = stackalloc byte[32 * 32];
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> bandTranslate = Luts.GetBandTranslate(txSize);
             int dqShift = txSize == TxSize.Tx32X32 ? 1 : 0;
@@ -57,22 +57,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             uint range = r.Range;
             int count = r.Count;
             
+            ReadOnlySpan<Array6<Array4<uint>>> coefSpan = counts.Coef[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr].AsSpan();
+            ReadOnlySpan<Array6<uint>> eobBranchSpan = counts.EobBranch[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr].AsSpan();
+
             while (c < maxEob)
             {
                 int val = -1;
                 band = bandTranslate[0];
                 bandTranslate = bandTranslate[1..];
-                ref Array3<byte> prob = ref coefProbs[band][ctx];
+                ReadOnlySpan<byte> prob = coefProbs[band][ctx].AsSpan();
                 if (!xd.Counts.IsNull)
                 {
-                    ++counts.EobBranch[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr][band][ctx];
+                    ++eobBranchSpan[band][ctx];
                 }
 
                 if (r.ReadBool(prob[EobContextNode], ref value, ref count, ref range) == 0)
                 {
                     if (!xd.Counts.IsNull)
                     {
-                        ++counts.Coef[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr][band][ctx][Constants.EobModelToken];
+                        ++coefSpan[band][ctx][Constants.EobModelToken];
                     }
 
                     break;
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 {
                     if (!xd.Counts.IsNull)
                     {
-                        ++counts.Coef[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr][band][ctx][Constants.ZeroToken];
+                        ++coefSpan[band][ctx][Constants.ZeroToken];
                     }
 
                     dqv = dq[1];
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     ctx = GetCoefContext(nb, tokenCache, c);
                     band = bandTranslate[0];
                     bandTranslate = bandTranslate[1..];
-                    prob = ref coefProbs[band][ctx];
+                    prob = coefProbs[band][ctx].AsSpan();
                 }
 
                 if (r.ReadBool(prob[OneContextNode], ref value, ref count, ref range) != 0)
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     ReadOnlySpan<byte> p = Luts.Pareto8Full[prob[Constants.PivotNode] - 1];
                     if (!xd.Counts.IsNull)
                     {
-                        ++counts.Coef[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr][band][ctx][Constants.TwoToken];
+                        ++coefSpan[band][ctx][Constants.TwoToken];
                     }
 
                     if (r.ReadBool(p[0], ref value, ref count, ref range) != 0)
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 {
                     if (!xd.Counts.IsNull)
                     {
-                        ++counts.Coef[(int)txSize][(int)type][refr][band][ctx][Constants.OneToken];
+                        ++coefSpan[band][ctx][Constants.OneToken];
                     }
 
                     tokenCache[scan[c]] = 1;
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             ref Reader r = ref twd.BitReader;
             ref MacroBlockD xd = ref twd.Xd;
             ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref xd.Plane[plane];
-            ref Array2<short> dequant = ref pd.SegDequant[segId];
+            Span<short> dequant = pd.SegDequant[segId].AsSpan();
             int eob;
             Span<sbyte> a = pd.AboveContext.AsSpan()[x..];
             Span<sbyte> l = pd.LeftContext.AsSpan()[y..];
@@ -250,7 +253,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         GetPlaneType(plane),
                         pd.DqCoeff.AsSpan(),
                         txSize,
-                        ref dequant,
+                        dequant,
                         ctx,
                         sc.Scan,
                         sc.Neighbors,
@@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         GetPlaneType(plane),
                         pd.DqCoeff.AsSpan(),
                         txSize,
-                        ref dequant,
+                        dequant,
                         ctx,
                         sc.Scan,
                         sc.Neighbors,
@@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         GetPlaneType(plane),
                         pd.DqCoeff.AsSpan(),
                         txSize,
-                        ref dequant,
+                        dequant,
                         ctx,
                         sc.Scan,
                         sc.Neighbors,
@@ -303,7 +306,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         GetPlaneType(plane),
                         pd.DqCoeff.AsSpan(),
                         txSize,
-                        ref dequant,
+                        dequant,
                         ctx,
                         sc.Scan,
                         sc.Neighbors,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Dsp/Convolve.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Common;
+using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int x = 0; x < w; ++x)
                 {
                     byte* srcX = &src[xQ4 >> SubpelBits];
-                    ref Array8<short> xFilter = ref xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> xFilter = xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int x = 0; x < w; ++x)
                 {
                     byte* srcX = &src[xQ4 >> SubpelBits];
-                    ref Array8<short> xFilter = ref xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> xFilter = xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int y = 0; y < h; ++y)
                 {
                     byte* srcY = &src[(yQ4 >> SubpelBits) * srcStride];
-                    ref Array8<short> yFilter = ref yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> yFilter = yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int y = 0; y < h; ++y)
                 {
                     byte* srcY = &src[(yQ4 >> SubpelBits) * srcStride];
-                    ref Array8<short> yFilter = ref yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> yFilter = yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -619,7 +620,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int x = 0; x < w; ++x)
                 {
                     ushort* srcX = &src[xQ4 >> SubpelBits];
-                    ref Array8<short> xFilter = ref xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> xFilter = xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -655,7 +656,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int x = 0; x < w; ++x)
                 {
                     ushort* srcX = &src[xQ4 >> SubpelBits];
-                    ref Array8<short> xFilter = ref xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> xFilter = xFilters[xQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -692,7 +693,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int y = 0; y < h; ++y)
                 {
                     ushort* srcY = &src[(yQ4 >> SubpelBits) * srcStride];
-                    ref Array8<short> yFilter = ref yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> yFilter = yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {
@@ -728,7 +729,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Dsp
                 for (int y = 0; y < h; ++y)
                 {
                     ushort* srcY = &src[(yQ4 >> SubpelBits) * srcStride];
-                    ref Array8<short> yFilter = ref yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask];
+                    Span<short> yFilter = yFilters[yQ4 & SubpelMask].AsSpan();
                     int sum = 0;
                     for (int k = 0; k < SubpelTaps; ++k)
                     {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/EntropyMode.cs

@@ -304,31 +304,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         }
 
         internal static void TxCountsToBranchCounts32X32(ReadOnlySpan<uint> txCount32X32P,
-            ref Array3<Array2<uint>> ct32X32P)
+            ReadOnlySpan<Array2<uint>> ct32X32P)
         {
-            ct32X32P[0][0] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            Span<uint> ct32X32PSpan0 = ct32X32P[0].AsSpan();
-            ct32X32P[0][1] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] + txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] +
+            Span<uint> ct32X32PSpan1 = ct32X32P[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<uint> ct32X32PSpan2 = ct32X32P[2].AsSpan();
+            
+            ct32X32PSpan0[0] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            ct32X32PSpan0[1] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] + txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] +
                              txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
-            ct32X32P[1][0] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            ct32X32PSpan1[0] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
-            ct32X32P[1][1] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] + txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
+            ct32X32PSpan1[1] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] + txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
-            ct32X32P[2][0] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            ct32X32PSpan2[0] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-            ct32X32P[2][1] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
+            ct32X32PSpan2[1] = txCount32X32P[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
         }
 
         internal static void TxCountsToBranchCounts16X16(ReadOnlySpan<uint> txCount16X16P,
-            ref Array2<Array2<uint>> ct16X16P)
+            ReadOnlySpan<Array2<uint>> ct16X16P)
         {
-            ct16X16P[0][0] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            Span<uint> ct16X16PSpan0 = ct16X16P[0].AsSpan();
-            ct16X16P[0][1] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] + txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            Span<uint> ct16X16PSpan1 = ct16X16P[1].AsSpan();
-            ct16X16P[1][0] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            
-            ct16X16P[1][1] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            ct16X16PSpan0[0] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            ct16X16PSpan0[1] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] + txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            ct16X16PSpan1[0] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            ct16X16PSpan1[1] = txCount16X16P[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
         }
 
         internal static void TxCountsToBranchCounts8X8(ReadOnlySpan<uint> txCount8X8P,
-            ref Array1<Array2<uint>> ct8X8P)
+            ReadOnlySpan<Array2<uint>> ct8X8P)
         {
-            ct8X8P[0][0] = txCount8X8P[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            Span<uint> ct8X8PSpan = ct8X8P[0].AsSpan();
-            ct8X8P[0][1] = txCount8X8P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            
+            ct8X8PSpan[0] = txCount8X8P[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            ct8X8PSpan[1] = txCount8X8P[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
         }
 
         public static unsafe void SetupPastIndependence(ref Vp9Common cm)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/LoopFilter.cs

@@ -378,9 +378,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             int index = shiftY;
 
+            Span<byte> lflYSpan = lfm.LflY.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < bh; i++)
             {
-                MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref lfm.LflY[index], 64 - index)[..bw].Fill((byte)filterLevel);
+                MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref lflYSpan[index], 64 - index)[..bw].Fill((byte)filterLevel);
                 index += 8;
             }
 
@@ -445,24 +447,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             const ushort LeftBorderUv = 0x1111;
             const ushort AboveBorderUv = 0x000f;
             
+            Span<ulong> leftYSpan = lfm.LeftY.AsSpan();
+            Span<ulong> aboveYSpan = lfm.AboveY.AsSpan();
+            Span<ushort> leftUvSpan = lfm.LeftUv.AsSpan();
+            Span<ushort> aboveUvSpan = lfm.AboveUv.AsSpan();
+
             // The largest loopfilter we have is 16x16 so we use the 16x16 mask
             // for 32x32 transforms also.
-            lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
+            leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
-            lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
+            aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
-            lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
+            leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
-            lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
+            aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] |= aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx32X32];
 
             // We do at least 8 tap filter on every 32x32 even if the transform size
             // is 4x4. So if the 4x4 is set on a border pixel add it to the 8x8 and
             // remove it from the 4x4.
-            lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & LeftBorder;
+            leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & LeftBorder;
-            lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= ~LeftBorder;
+            leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= ~LeftBorder;
-            lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & AboveBorder;
+            aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & AboveBorder;
-            lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= ~AboveBorder;
+            aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= ~AboveBorder;
-            lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & LeftBorderUv);
+            leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & LeftBorderUv);
-            lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= unchecked((ushort)~LeftBorderUv);
+            leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= unchecked((ushort)~LeftBorderUv);
-            lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & AboveBorderUv);
+            aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] & AboveBorderUv);
-            lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= unchecked((ushort)~AboveBorderUv);
+            aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4] &= unchecked((ushort)~AboveBorderUv);
 
             // We do some special edge handling.
             if (miRow + Constants.MiBlockSize > cm.MiRows)
@@ -476,10 +483,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 // Remove values completely outside our border.
                 for (int i = 0; i < (int)TxSize.Tx32X32; i++)
                 {
-                    lfm.LeftY[i] &= maskY;
+                    leftYSpan[i] &= maskY;
-                    lfm.AboveY[i] &= maskY;
+                    aboveYSpan[i] &= maskY;
-                    lfm.LeftUv[i] &= maskUv;
+                    leftUvSpan[i] &= maskUv;
-                    lfm.AboveUv[i] &= maskUv;
+                    aboveUvSpan[i] &= maskUv;
                 }
 
                 lfm.Int4X4Y &= maskY;
@@ -489,14 +496,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 // apply the shorter one instead.
                 if (rows == 1)
                 {
-                    lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+                    aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-                    lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] = 0;
+                    aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] = 0;
                 }
 
                 if (rows == 5)
                 {
-                    lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xff00);
+                    aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xff00);
-                    lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] &= (ushort)~(lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xff00);
+                    aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] &= (ushort)~(aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xff00);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -516,10 +523,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 // Remove the bits outside the image edge.
                 for (int i = 0; i < (int)TxSize.Tx32X32; i++)
                 {
-                    lfm.LeftY[i] &= maskY;
+                    leftYSpan[i] &= maskY;
-                    lfm.AboveY[i] &= maskY;
+                    aboveYSpan[i] &= maskY;
-                    lfm.LeftUv[i] &= maskUv;
+                    leftUvSpan[i] &= maskUv;
-                    lfm.AboveUv[i] &= maskUv;
+                    aboveUvSpan[i] &= maskUv;
                 }
 
                 lfm.Int4X4Y &= maskY;
@@ -529,14 +536,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 // apply the shorter one instead.
                 if (columns == 1)
                 {
-                    lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+                    leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-                    lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] = 0;
+                    leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] = 0;
                 }
 
                 if (columns == 5)
                 {
-                    lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xcccc);
+                    leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] |= (ushort)(leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xcccc);
-                    lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] &= (ushort)~(lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xcccc);
+                    leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] &= (ushort)~(leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & 0xcccc);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -546,28 +553,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 for (int i = 0; i < (int)TxSize.Tx32X32; i++)
                 {
-                    lfm.LeftY[i] &= 0xfefefefefefefefeUL;
+                    leftYSpan[i] &= 0xfefefefefefefefeUL;
-                    lfm.LeftUv[i] &= 0xeeee;
+                    leftUvSpan[i] &= 0xeeee;
                 }
             }
 
             // Assert if we try to apply 2 different loop filters at the same position.
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Y & lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Y & leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Uv & lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Uv & leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Y & lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Y & aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16] & aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8] & aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4]) == 0);
-            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Uv & lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
+            Debug.Assert((lfm.Int4X4Uv & aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16]) == 0);
         }
 
         public static unsafe void ResetLfm(ref Vp9Common cm)
@@ -583,6 +590,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             int lvl;
 
+            Span<LoopFilterThresh> lFThrSpan = lfi.Lfthr.AsSpan();
+
             // For each possible value for the loop filter fill out limits
             for (lvl = 0; lvl <= MaxLoopFilter; lvl++)
             {
@@ -602,8 +611,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     blockInsideLimit = 1;
                 }
 
-                lfi.Lfthr[lvl].Lim.AsSpan().Fill((byte)blockInsideLimit);
+                lFThrSpan[lvl].Lim.AsSpan().Fill((byte)blockInsideLimit);
-                lfi.Lfthr[lvl].Mblim.AsSpan().Fill((byte)((2 * (lvl + 2)) + blockInsideLimit));
+                lFThrSpan[lvl].Mblim.AsSpan().Fill((byte)((2 * (lvl + 2)) + blockInsideLimit));
             }
         }
 
@@ -625,6 +634,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 lf.LastSharpnessLevel = lf.SharpnessLevel;
             }
 
+            Span<Array4<Array2<byte>>> lvlSpan = lfi.Lvl.AsSpan();
+            Span<sbyte> refDeltasSpan = lf.RefDeltas.AsSpan();
+            Span<sbyte> modeDeltasSpan = lf.ModeDeltas.AsSpan();
+            sbyte intraFrameRefDelta = refDeltasSpan[Constants.IntraFrame];
+
             for (segId = 0; segId < Constants.MaxSegments; segId++)
             {
                 int lvlSeg = defaultFiltLvl;
@@ -639,20 +653,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 {
                     // We could get rid of this if we assume that deltas are set to
                     // zero when not in use; encoder always uses deltas
-                    MemoryMarshal.Cast<Array2<byte>, byte>(lfi.Lvl[segId].AsSpan()).Fill((byte)lvlSeg);
+                    MemoryMarshal.Cast<Array2<byte>, byte>(lvlSpan[segId].AsSpan()).Fill((byte)lvlSeg);
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     int refr, mode;
-                    int intraLvl = lvlSeg + (lf.RefDeltas[Constants.IntraFrame] * scale);
+                    int intraLvl = lvlSeg + (intraFrameRefDelta * scale);
-                    lfi.Lvl[segId][Constants.IntraFrame][0] = (byte)Math.Clamp(intraLvl, 0, MaxLoopFilter);
+                    lvlSpan[segId][Constants.IntraFrame][0] = (byte)Math.Clamp(intraLvl, 0, MaxLoopFilter);
+                    
+                    Span<Array2<byte>> lvlSpan2 = lvlSpan[segId].AsSpan();
 
                     for (refr = Constants.LastFrame; refr < Constants.MaxRefFrames; ++refr)
                     {
+                        Span<byte> lvlSpan3 = lvlSpan2[refr].AsSpan();
+                        
                         for (mode = 0; mode < MaxModeLfDeltas; ++mode)
                         {
-                            int interLvl = lvlSeg + (lf.RefDeltas[refr] * scale) + (lf.ModeDeltas[mode] * scale);
+                            int interLvl = lvlSeg + (refDeltasSpan[refr] * scale) + (modeDeltasSpan[mode] * scale);
-                            lfi.Lvl[segId][refr][mode] = (byte)Math.Clamp(interLvl, 0, MaxLoopFilter);
+                            lvlSpan3[mode] = (byte)Math.Clamp(interLvl, 0, MaxLoopFilter);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -811,18 +829,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     lfis[1] = lfthr[lfl[lflForward]];
                     ss[1] = ss[0].Slice(8 * pitch);
 
+                    Span<byte> mblim0Span = lfis[0].Mblim.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> lim0Span = lfis[0].Lim.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> hevThr0Span = lfis[0].HevThr.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> mblim1Span = lfis[1].Mblim.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> lim1Span = lfis[1].Lim.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> hevThr1Span = lfis[1].HevThr.AsSpan();
+
                     if ((mask16X16 & dualOne) != 0)
                     {
                         if ((mask16X16 & dualOne) == dualOne)
                         {
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16Dual(ss[0], pitch, lfis[0].Mblim[0], lfis[0].Lim[0],
+                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16Dual(ss[0], pitch, mblim0Span[0], lim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].HevThr[0], bd);
+                                hevThr0Span[0], bd);
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            ref LoopFilterThresh lfi = ref lfis[(mask16X16 & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0];
+                            if ((mask16X16 & 1) == 0)
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16(ss[(mask16X16 & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0], pitch, lfi.Mblim[0],
+                            {
-                                lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16(ss[1], pitch, mblim1Span[0],
+                                    lim1Span[0], hevThr1Span[0], bd);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16(ss[0], pitch, mblim0Span[0],
+                                    lim0Span[0], hevThr0Span[0], bd);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -833,24 +865,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                             LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical8Dual(
                                 ss[0],
                                 pitch,
-                                lfis[0].Mblim[0],
+                                mblim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].Lim[0],
+                                lim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].HevThr[0],
+                                hevThr0Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].Mblim[0],
+                                mblim1Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].Lim[0],
+                                lim1Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].HevThr[0],
+                                hevThr1Span[0],
                                 bd);
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            ref LoopFilterThresh lfi = ref lfis[(mask8X8 & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0];
+                            if ((mask8X8 & 1) == 0)
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical8(
+                            {
-                                ss[(mask8X8 & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical8(ss[1], pitch, mblim1Span[0],
-                                pitch,
+                                    lim1Span[0], hevThr1Span[0], bd);
-                                lfi.Mblim[0],
+                            }
-                                lfi.Lim[0],
+                            else
-                                lfi.HevThr[0],
+                            {
-                                bd);
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical8(ss[0], pitch, mblim0Span[0],
+                                    lim0Span[0], hevThr0Span[0], bd);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -861,19 +895,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                             LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4Dual(
                                 ss[0],
                                 pitch,
-                                lfis[0].Mblim[0],
+                                mblim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].Lim[0],
+                                lim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].HevThr[0],
+                                hevThr0Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].Mblim[0],
+                                mblim1Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].Lim[0],
+                                lim1Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].HevThr[0],
+                                hevThr1Span[0],
                                 bd);
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            ref LoopFilterThresh lfi = ref lfis[(mask4X4 & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0];
+                            if ((mask4X4 & 1) == 0)
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(ss[(mask4X4 & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0], pitch, lfi.Mblim[0],
+                            {
-                                lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(ss[1], pitch, mblim1Span[0],
+                                    lim1Span[0], hevThr1Span[0], bd);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(ss[0], pitch, mblim0Span[0],
+                                    lim0Span[0], hevThr0Span[0], bd);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -884,19 +925,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                             LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4Dual(
                                 ss[0].Slice(4),
                                 pitch,
-                                lfis[0].Mblim[0],
+                                mblim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].Lim[0],
+                                lim0Span[0],
-                                lfis[0].HevThr[0],
+                                hevThr0Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].Mblim[0],
+                                mblim1Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].Lim[0],
+                                lim1Span[0],
-                                lfis[1].HevThr[0],
+                                hevThr1Span[0],
                                 bd);
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            ref LoopFilterThresh lfi = ref lfis[(mask4X4Int & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0];
+                            if ((mask4X4Int & 1) == 0)
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(ss[(mask4X4Int & 1) == 0 ? 1 : 0].Slice(4), pitch,
+                            {
-                                lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(ss[1].Slice(4), pitch, mblim1Span[0],
+                                    lim1Span[0], hevThr1Span[0], bd);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(ss[0].Slice(4), pitch, mblim0Span[0],
+                                    lim0Span[0], hevThr0Span[0], bd);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1087,17 +1135,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 {
                     LoopFilterThresh lfi = lfthr[lfl[0]];
                     
+                    Span<byte> mblimSpan = lfi.Mblim.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> limSpan = lfi.Lim.AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> hevThrSpan = lfi.HevThr.AsSpan();
+
                     if ((mask16X16 & 1) != 0)
                     {
                         if ((mask16X16 & 3) == 3)
                         {
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal16Dual(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0],
+                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal16Dual(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0],
-                                lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             count = 2;
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal16(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0],
+                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal16(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0],
                                 bd);
                         }
                     }
@@ -1108,15 +1160,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                             // Next block's thresholds.
                             LoopFilterThresh lfin = lfthr[lfl[1]];
                             
+                            Span<byte> nMblimSpan = lfin.Mblim.AsSpan();
+                            Span<byte> nLimSpan = lfin.Lim.AsSpan();
+                            Span<byte> nHevThrSpan = lfin.HevThr.AsSpan();
+
                             LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal8Dual(
                                 s,
                                 pitch,
-                                lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                mblimSpan[0],
-                                lfi.Lim[0],
+                                limSpan[0],
-                                lfi.HevThr[0],
+                                hevThrSpan[0],
-                                lfin.Mblim[0],
+                                nMblimSpan[0],
-                                lfin.Lim[0],
+                                nLimSpan[0],
-                                lfin.HevThr[0],
+                                nHevThrSpan[0],
                                 bd);
 
                             if ((mask4X4Int & 3) == 3)
@@ -1124,36 +1180,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                                 LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4Dual(
                                     s.Slice(4 * pitch),
                                     pitch,
-                                    lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                    mblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.Lim[0],
+                                    limSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.HevThr[0],
+                                    hevThrSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.Mblim[0],
+                                    nMblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.Lim[0],
+                                    nLimSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.HevThr[0],
+                                    nHevThrSpan[0],
                                     bd);
                             }
                             else if ((mask4X4Int & 1) != 0)
                             {
-                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, mblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                    limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             }
                             else if ((mask4X4Int & 2) != 0)
                             {
-                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(8 + (4 * pitch)), pitch, lfin.Mblim[0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(8 + (4 * pitch)), pitch, nMblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.Lim[0], lfin.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                    nLimSpan[0], nHevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             }
 
                             count = 2;
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal8(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0],
+                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal8(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0],
                                 bd);
 
                             if ((mask4X4Int & 1) != 0)
                             {
-                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, mblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                    limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1164,15 +1220,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                             // Next block's thresholds.
                             LoopFilterThresh lfin = lfthr[lfl[1]];
                             
+                            Span<byte> nMblimSpan = lfin.Mblim.AsSpan();
+                            Span<byte> nLimSpan = lfin.Lim.AsSpan();
+                            Span<byte> nHevThrSpan = lfin.HevThr.AsSpan();
+
                             LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4Dual(
                                 s,
                                 pitch,
-                                lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                mblimSpan[0],
-                                lfi.Lim[0],
+                                limSpan[0],
-                                lfi.HevThr[0],
+                                hevThrSpan[0],
-                                lfin.Mblim[0],
+                                nMblimSpan[0],
-                                lfin.Lim[0],
+                                nLimSpan[0],
-                                lfin.HevThr[0],
+                                nHevThrSpan[0],
                                 bd);
 
                             if ((mask4X4Int & 3) == 3)
@@ -1180,43 +1240,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                                 LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4Dual(
                                     s.Slice(4 * pitch),
                                     pitch,
-                                    lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                    mblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.Lim[0],
+                                    limSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.HevThr[0],
+                                    hevThrSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.Mblim[0],
+                                    nMblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.Lim[0],
+                                    nLimSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.HevThr[0],
+                                    nHevThrSpan[0],
                                     bd);
                             }
                             else if ((mask4X4Int & 1) != 0)
                             {
-                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, mblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                    limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             }
                             else if ((mask4X4Int & 2) != 0)
                             {
-                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(8 + (4 * pitch)), pitch, lfin.Mblim[0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(8 + (4 * pitch)), pitch, nMblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfin.Lim[0], lfin.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                    nLimSpan[0], nHevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             }
 
                             count = 2;
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0],
+                            LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0],
                                 bd);
 
                             if ((mask4X4Int & 1) != 0)
                             {
-                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, lfi.Mblim[0],
+                                LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, mblimSpan[0],
-                                    lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                                    limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                             }
                         }
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0],
+                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfHorizontal4(s.Slice(4 * pitch), pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0],
-                            lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                            hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -1292,25 +1352,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 LoopFilterThresh lfi = lfthr[lfl[0]];
                 
+                Span<byte> mblimSpan = lfi.Mblim.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> limSpan = lfi.Lim.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> hevThrSpan = lfi.HevThr.AsSpan();
+
                 if ((mask & 1) != 0)
                 {
                     if ((mask16X16 & 1) != 0)
                     {
-                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical16(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                     }
                     else if ((mask8X8 & 1) != 0)
                     {
-                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical8(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical8(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                     }
                     else if ((mask4X4 & 1) != 0)
                     {
-                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(s, pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                        LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(s, pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                     }
                 }
 
                 if ((mask4X4Int & 1) != 0)
                 {
-                    LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(s.Slice(4), pitch, lfi.Mblim[0], lfi.Lim[0], lfi.HevThr[0], bd);
+                    LoopFilterScalar.HighBdLpfVertical4(s.Slice(4), pitch, mblimSpan[0], limSpan[0], hevThrSpan[0], bd);
                 }
 
                 s = s.Slice(8);
@@ -1555,9 +1619,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         {
             ref Buf2D dst = ref plane.Dst;
             ArrayPtr<byte> dst0 = dst.Buf;
-            ulong mask16X16 = lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            Span<ulong> leftYSpan = lfm.LeftY.AsSpan();
-            ulong mask8X8 = lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            ulong mask16X16 = leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-            ulong mask4X4 = lfm.LeftY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            ulong mask8X8 = leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            ulong mask4X4 = leftYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
             ulong mask4X4Int = lfm.Int4X4Y;
 
             Debug.Assert(plane.SubsamplingX == 0 && plane.SubsamplingY == 0);
@@ -1604,9 +1669,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             // Horizontal pass
             dst.Buf = dst0;
-            mask16X16 = lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            Span<ulong> aboveYSpan = lfm.AboveY.AsSpan();
-            mask8X8 = lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            mask16X16 = aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-            mask4X4 = lfm.AboveY[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            mask8X8 = aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            mask4X4 = aboveYSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
             mask4X4Int = lfm.Int4X4Y;
 
             for (int r = 0; r < Constants.MiBlockSize && miRow + r < cm.MiRows; r++)
@@ -1669,10 +1735,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             ArrayPtr<byte> dst0 = dst.Buf;
 
             Span<byte> lflUv = stackalloc byte[16];
+            Span<byte> lflY = lfm.LflY.AsSpan();
 
-            ushort mask16X16 = lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            Span<ushort> leftUvSpan = lfm.LeftUv.AsSpan();
-            ushort mask8X8 = lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            ushort mask16X16 = leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-            ushort mask4X4 = lfm.LeftUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            ushort mask8X8 = leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            ushort mask4X4 = leftUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
             ushort mask4X4Int = lfm.Int4X4Uv;
 
             Debug.Assert(plane.SubsamplingX == 1 && plane.SubsamplingY == 1);
@@ -1682,8 +1750,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 for (int c = 0; c < Constants.MiBlockSize >> 1; c++)
                 {
-                    lflUv[(r << 1) + c] = lfm.LflY[(r << 3) + (c << 1)];
+                    lflUv[(r << 1) + c] = lflY[(r << 3) + (c << 1)];
-                    lflUv[((r + 2) << 1) + c] = lfm.LflY[((r + 2) << 3) + (c << 1)];
+                    lflUv[((r + 2) << 1) + c] = lflY[((r + 2) << 3) + (c << 1)];
                 }
 
                 if (cm.UseHighBitDepth)
@@ -1725,9 +1793,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
             // Horizontal pass
             dst.Buf = dst0;
-            mask16X16 = lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
+            Span<ushort> aboveUvSpan = lfm.AboveUv.AsSpan();
-            mask8X8 = lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            mask16X16 = aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx16X16];
-            mask4X4 = lfm.AboveUv[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
+            mask8X8 = aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx8X8];
+            mask4X4 = aboveUvSpan[(int)TxSize.Tx4X4];
             mask4X4Int = lfm.Int4X4Uv;
 
             for (int r = 0; r < Constants.MiBlockSize && miRow + r < cm.MiRows; r += 2)
@@ -1806,16 +1875,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             int sbCols = TileInfo.MiColsAlignedToSb(cm.MiCols) >> Constants.MiBlockSizeLog2;
             LfPath path;
             int miRow, miCol;
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planesSpan = planes.AsSpan();
 
             if (yOnly)
             {
                 path = LfPath.LfPath444;
             }
-            else if (planes[1].SubsamplingY == 1 && planes[1].SubsamplingX == 1)
+            else if (planesSpan[1].SubsamplingY == 1 && planesSpan[1].SubsamplingX == 1)
             {
                 path = LfPath.LfPath420;
             }
-            else if (planes[1].SubsamplingY == 0 && planes[1].SubsamplingX == 0)
+            else if (planesSpan[1].SubsamplingY == 0 && planesSpan[1].SubsamplingX == 0)
             {
                 path = LfPath.LfPath444;
             }
@@ -1837,23 +1907,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
                     lfSync.SyncRead(r, c);
 
-                    ReconInter.SetupDstPlanes(ref planes, ref frameBuffer, miRow, miCol);
+                    ReconInter.SetupDstPlanes(planesSpan, ref frameBuffer, miRow, miCol);
 
                     AdjustMask(ref cm, miRow, miCol, ref lfm[0]);
 
-                    FilterBlockPlaneSs00(ref cm, ref planes[0], miRow, ref lfm[0]);
+                    FilterBlockPlaneSs00(ref cm, ref planesSpan[0], miRow, ref lfm[0]);
                     for (plane = 1; plane < numPlanes; ++plane)
                     {
                         switch (path)
                         {
                             case LfPath.LfPath420:
-                                FilterBlockPlaneSs11(ref cm, ref planes[plane], miRow, ref lfm[0]);
+                                FilterBlockPlaneSs11(ref cm, ref planesSpan[plane], miRow, ref lfm[0]);
                                 break;
                             case LfPath.LfPath444:
-                                FilterBlockPlaneSs00(ref cm, ref planes[plane], miRow, ref lfm[0]);
+                                FilterBlockPlaneSs00(ref cm, ref planesSpan[plane], miRow, ref lfm[0]);
                                 break;
                             case LfPath.LfPathSlow:
-                                FilterBlockPlaneNon420(ref cm, ref planes[plane], mi.Slice(miCol), miRow,
+                                FilterBlockPlaneNon420(ref cm, ref planesSpan[plane], mi.Slice(miCol), miRow,
                                     miCol);
                                 break;
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Luts.cs

@@ -270,17 +270,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
         private static Array8<short> NewArray8Short(short e0, short e1, short e2, short e3, short e4, short e5, short e6, short e7)
         {
-            Array8<short> output = new()
+            Array8<short> output = new();
-            {
+            Span<short> outputSpan = output.AsSpan();
-                [0] = e0,
+            outputSpan[0] = e0;
-                [1] = e1,
+            outputSpan[1] = e1;
-                [2] = e2,
+            outputSpan[2] = e2;
-                [3] = e3,
+            outputSpan[3] = e3;
-                [4] = e4,
+            outputSpan[4] = e4;
-                [5] = e5,
+            outputSpan[5] = e5;
-                [6] = e6,
+            outputSpan[6] = e6;
-                [7] = e7
+            outputSpan[7] = e7;
-            };
 
             return output;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/PredCommon.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types;
+using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
@@ -109,15 +110,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     sbyte vrfa = aSg ? xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame[0] : xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame[varRefIdx];
                     sbyte vrfl = lSg ? xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame[0] : xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame[varRefIdx];
 
-                    if (vrfa == vrfl && cm.CompVarRef[1] == vrfa)
+                    Span<sbyte> compVarRefSpan = cm.CompVarRef.AsSpan();
+                    
+                    if (vrfa == vrfl && compVarRefSpan[1] == vrfa)
                     {
                         predContext = 0;
                     }
                     else if (lSg && aSg)
                     {
                         // Single/Single
-                        if ((vrfa == cm.CompFixedRef && vrfl == cm.CompVarRef[0]) ||
+                        if ((vrfa == cm.CompFixedRef && vrfl == compVarRefSpan[0]) ||
-                            (vrfl == cm.CompFixedRef && vrfa == cm.CompVarRef[0]))
+                            (vrfl == cm.CompFixedRef && vrfa == compVarRefSpan[0]))
                         {
                             predContext = 4;
                         }
@@ -135,11 +138,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                         // Single/Comp
                         sbyte vrfc = lSg ? vrfa : vrfl;
                         sbyte rfs = aSg ? vrfa : vrfl;
-                        if (vrfc == cm.CompVarRef[1] && rfs != cm.CompVarRef[1])
+                        if (vrfc == compVarRefSpan[1] && rfs != compVarRefSpan[1])
                         {
                             predContext = 1;
                         }
-                        else if (rfs == cm.CompVarRef[1] && vrfc != cm.CompVarRef[1])
+                        else if (rfs == compVarRefSpan[1] && vrfc != compVarRefSpan[1])
                         {
                             predContext = 2;
                         }
@@ -212,14 +215,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 {
                     // Intra/Inter or Inter/Intra
                     ref ModeInfo edgeMi = ref aboveIntra ? ref xd.LeftMi.Value : ref xd.AboveMi.Value;
+                    Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = edgeMi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
                     if (!edgeMi.HasSecondRef())
                     {
-                        predContext = 4 * (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.LastFrame ? 1 : 0);
+                        predContext = 4 * (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.LastFrame ? 1 : 0);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        predContext = 1 + (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.LastFrame ||
+                        predContext = 1 + (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.LastFrame ||
-                                           edgeMi.RefFrame[1] == Constants.LastFrame
+                                           refFrameSpan[1] == Constants.LastFrame
                             ? 1
                             : 0);
                     }
@@ -229,10 +233,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     // Inter/Inter
                     bool aboveHasSecond = xd.AboveMi.Value.HasSecondRef();
                     bool leftHasSecond = xd.LeftMi.Value.HasSecondRef();
-                    sbyte above0 = xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame[0];
+                    Span<sbyte> aRefFrameSpan = xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
-                    sbyte above1 = xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame[1];
+                    sbyte above0 = aRefFrameSpan[0];
-                    sbyte left0 = xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame[0];
+                    sbyte above1 = aRefFrameSpan[1];
-                    sbyte left1 = xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame[1];
+                    Span<sbyte> lRefFrameSpan = xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                    sbyte left0 = lRefFrameSpan[0];
+                    sbyte left1 = lRefFrameSpan[1];
 
                     if (aboveHasSecond && leftHasSecond)
                     {
@@ -281,8 +287,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        predContext = 1 + (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.LastFrame ||
+                        Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = edgeMi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
-                                           edgeMi.RefFrame[1] == Constants.LastFrame
+                        
+                        predContext = 1 + (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.LastFrame ||
+                                           refFrameSpan[1] == Constants.LastFrame
                             ? 1
                             : 0);
                     }
@@ -321,21 +329,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 {
                     // Intra/Inter or Inter/Intra
                     ref ModeInfo edgeMi = ref aboveIntra ? ref xd.LeftMi.Value : ref xd.AboveMi.Value;
+                    Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = edgeMi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
                     if (!edgeMi.HasSecondRef())
                     {
-                        if (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.LastFrame)
+                        if (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.LastFrame)
                         {
                             predContext = 3;
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            predContext = 4 * (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ? 1 : 0);
+                            predContext = 4 * (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ? 1 : 0);
                         }
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        predContext = 1 + (2 * (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ||
+                        predContext = 1 + (2 * (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ||
-                                                edgeMi.RefFrame[1] == Constants.GoldenFrame
+                                                refFrameSpan[1] == Constants.GoldenFrame
                             ? 1
                             : 0));
                     }
@@ -345,10 +354,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                     // Inter/Inter
                     bool aboveHasSecond = xd.AboveMi.Value.HasSecondRef();
                     bool leftHasSecond = xd.LeftMi.Value.HasSecondRef();
-                    sbyte above0 = xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame[0];
+                    Span<sbyte> aRefFrameSpan = xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
-                    sbyte above1 = xd.AboveMi.Value.RefFrame[1];
+                    sbyte above0 = aRefFrameSpan[0];
-                    sbyte left0 = xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame[0];
+                    sbyte above1 = aRefFrameSpan[1];
-                    sbyte left1 = xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame[1];
+                    Span<sbyte> lRefFrameSpan = xd.LeftMi.Value.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                    sbyte left0 = lRefFrameSpan[0];
+                    sbyte left1 = lRefFrameSpan[1];
 
                     if (aboveHasSecond && leftHasSecond)
                     {
@@ -407,19 +418,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             {
                 // One edge available
                 ref ModeInfo edgeMi = ref !xd.AboveMi.IsNull ? ref xd.AboveMi.Value : ref xd.LeftMi.Value;
+                Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = edgeMi.RefFrame.AsSpan();
 
-                if (!edgeMi.IsInterBlock() || (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.LastFrame && !edgeMi.HasSecondRef()))
+                if (!edgeMi.IsInterBlock() || (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.LastFrame && !edgeMi.HasSecondRef()))
                 {
                     predContext = 2;
                 }
                 else if (!edgeMi.HasSecondRef())
                 {
-                    predContext = 4 * (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ? 1 : 0);
+                    predContext = 4 * (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ? 1 : 0);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    predContext = 3 * (edgeMi.RefFrame[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ||
+                    predContext = 3 * (refFrameSpan[0] == Constants.GoldenFrame ||
-                                       edgeMi.RefFrame[1] == Constants.GoldenFrame
+                                       refFrameSpan[1] == Constants.GoldenFrame
                         ? 1
                         : 0);
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Prob.cs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             return (byte)BitUtils.RoundPowerOfTwo((prob1 * (256 - factor)) + (prob2 * factor), 8);
         }
 
-        public static byte MergeProbs(byte preProb, ref Array2<uint> ct, uint countSat, uint maxUpdateFactor)
+        public static byte MergeProbs(byte preProb, ReadOnlySpan<uint> ct, uint countSat, uint maxUpdateFactor)
         {
             byte prob = GetBinaryProb(ct[0], ct[1]);
             uint count = Math.Min(ct[0] + ct[1], countSat);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
 
         private const int ModeMvCountSat = 20;
 
-        public static byte ModeMvMergeProbs(byte preProb, ref Array2<uint> ct)
+        public static byte ModeMvMergeProbs(byte preProb, ReadOnlySpan<uint> ct)
         {
             uint den = ct[0] + ct[1];
             if (den == 0)
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
             Array2<uint> ct = new();
             ct[0] = leftCount;
             ct[1] = rightCount;
-            probs[(int)(i >> 1)] = ModeMvMergeProbs(preProbs[(int)(i >> 1)], ref ct);
+            probs[(int)(i >> 1)] = ModeMvMergeProbs(preProbs[(int)(i >> 1)], ct.AsSpan());
             return leftCount + rightCount;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/ReconInter.cs

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
         }
 
         public static void SetupDstPlanes(
-            ref Array3<MacroBlockDPlane> planes,
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planes,
             ref Surface src,
             int miRow,
             int miCol)
@@ -205,9 +205,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9
                 strides[1] = src.UvStride;
                 strides[2] = src.UvStride;
 
+                Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = xd.Plane.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++i)
                 {
-                    ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref xd.Plane[i];
+                    ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[i];
                     SetupPredPlanes(ref pd.Pre[idx], buffers[i], strides[i], miRow, miCol, sf, pd.SubsamplingX,
                         pd.SubsamplingY);
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/LoopFilter.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 {
@@ -29,12 +30,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             ModeRefDeltaEnabled = true;
             ModeRefDeltaUpdate = true;
             
-            RefDeltas[Constants.IntraFrame] = 1;
+            Span<sbyte> refDeltasSpan = RefDeltas.AsSpan();
-            RefDeltas[Constants.LastFrame] = 0;
+            Span<sbyte> modeDeltasSpan = ModeDeltas.AsSpan();
-            RefDeltas[Constants.GoldenFrame] = -1;
+
-            RefDeltas[Constants.AltRefFrame] = -1;
+            refDeltasSpan[Constants.IntraFrame] = 1;
-            ModeDeltas[0] = 0;
+            refDeltasSpan[Constants.LastFrame] = 0;
-            ModeDeltas[1] = 0;
+            refDeltasSpan[Constants.GoldenFrame] = -1;
+            refDeltasSpan[Constants.AltRefFrame] = -1;
+            modeDeltasSpan[0] = 0;
+            modeDeltasSpan[1] = 0;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/MacroBlockD.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Video;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 {
@@ -147,10 +148,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         public void SetupBlockPlanes(int ssX, int ssY)
         {
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = Plane.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxMbPlane; i++)
             {
-                Plane[i].SubsamplingX = i != 0 ? ssX : 0;
+                planeSpan[i].SubsamplingX = i != 0 ? ssX : 0;
-                Plane[i].SubsamplingY = i != 0 ? ssY : 0;
+                planeSpan[i].SubsamplingY = i != 0 ? ssY : 0;
             }
         }
 
@@ -159,11 +162,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             int aboveIdx = miCol * 2;
             int leftIdx = (miRow * 2) & 15;
             
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = Plane.AsSpan();
+            Span<ArrayPtr<sbyte>> aboveContextSpan = AboveContext.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array16<sbyte>> leftContextSpan = LeftContext.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++i)
             {
-                ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref Plane[i];
+                ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[i];
-                pd.AboveContext = AboveContext[i].Slice(aboveIdx >> pd.SubsamplingX);
+                pd.AboveContext = aboveContextSpan[i].Slice(aboveIdx >> pd.SubsamplingX);
-                pd.LeftContext = new ArrayPtr<sbyte>(ref LeftContext[i][leftIdx >> pd.SubsamplingY],
+                pd.LeftContext = new ArrayPtr<sbyte>(ref leftContextSpan[i][leftIdx >> pd.SubsamplingY],
                     16 - (leftIdx >> pd.SubsamplingY));
             }
         }
@@ -182,9 +189,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         public unsafe void DecResetSkipContext()
         {
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = Plane.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxMbPlane; i++)
             {
-                ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref Plane[i];
+                ref MacroBlockDPlane pd = ref planeSpan[i];
                 MemoryUtil.Fill(pd.AboveContext.ToPointer(), (sbyte)0, pd.N4W);
                 MemoryUtil.Fill(pd.LeftContext.ToPointer(), (sbyte)0, pd.N4H);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/ModeInfo.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
@@ -65,36 +66,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         public Mv MvPredQ4(int idx)
         {
+            Span<BModeInfo> bmiSpan = Bmi.AsSpan();
+            
             Mv res = new()
             {
                 Row = (short)ReconInter.RoundMvCompQ4(
-                    Bmi[0].Mv[idx].Row + Bmi[1].Mv[idx].Row +
+                    bmiSpan[0].Mv[idx].Row + bmiSpan[1].Mv[idx].Row +
-                    Bmi[2].Mv[idx].Row + Bmi[3].Mv[idx].Row),
+                    bmiSpan[2].Mv[idx].Row + bmiSpan[3].Mv[idx].Row),
                 Col = (short)ReconInter.RoundMvCompQ4(
-                    Bmi[0].Mv[idx].Col + Bmi[1].Mv[idx].Col +
+                    bmiSpan[0].Mv[idx].Col + bmiSpan[1].Mv[idx].Col +
-                    Bmi[2].Mv[idx].Col + Bmi[3].Mv[idx].Col)
+                    bmiSpan[2].Mv[idx].Col + bmiSpan[3].Mv[idx].Col)
             };
             return res;
         }
 
         public Mv MvPredQ2(int idx, int block0, int block1)
         {
+            Span<BModeInfo> bmiSpan = Bmi.AsSpan();
+            
             Mv res = new()
             {
                 Row = (short)ReconInter.RoundMvCompQ2(
-                    Bmi[block0].Mv[idx].Row +
+                    bmiSpan[block0].Mv[idx].Row +
-                    Bmi[block1].Mv[idx].Row),
+                    bmiSpan[block1].Mv[idx].Row),
                 Col = (short)ReconInter.RoundMvCompQ2(
-                    Bmi[block0].Mv[idx].Col +
+                    bmiSpan[block0].Mv[idx].Col +
-                    Bmi[block1].Mv[idx].Col)
+                    bmiSpan[block1].Mv[idx].Col)
             };
             return res;
         }
 
         // Performs mv sign inversion if indicated by the reference frame combination.
-        public Mv ScaleMv(int refr, sbyte thisRefFrame, ref Array4<sbyte> refSignBias)
+        public Mv ScaleMv(int refr, sbyte thisRefFrame, Span<sbyte> refSignBias)
         {
             Mv mv = Mv[refr];
+            
             if (refSignBias[RefFrame[refr]] != refSignBias[thisRefFrame])
             {
                 mv.Row *= -1;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/Mv.cs

@@ -99,10 +99,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             }
             else
             {
+                Span<Array2<uint>> bitsSpan = counts.Bits[comp].AsSpan();
+                
                 int b = c + Constants.Class0Bits - 1; // Number of bits
                 for (int i = 0; i < b; ++i)
                 {
-                    counts.Bits[comp][i][(d >> i) & 1] += (uint)incr;
+                    bitsSpan[i][(d >> i) & 1] += (uint)incr;
                 }
 
                 counts.Fp[comp][f] += (uint)incr;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/Segmentation.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
         public Array8<uint> FeatureMask;
         public int AqAvOffset;
 
-        public static byte GetPredProbSegId(ref Array3<byte> segPredProbs, ref MacroBlockD xd)
+        public static byte GetPredProbSegId(ReadOnlySpan<byte> segPredProbs, ref MacroBlockD xd)
         {
             return segPredProbs[xd.GetPredContextSegId()];
         }
@@ -105,9 +105,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             UpdateMap = rb.ReadBit() != 0;
             if (UpdateMap)
             {
+                Span<byte> segTreeProbSpan = fc.SegTreeProb.AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> segPredProbSpan = fc.SegPredProb.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < SegTreeProbs; i++)
                 {
-                    fc.SegTreeProb[i] = rb.ReadBit() != 0
+                    segTreeProbSpan[i] = rb.ReadBit() != 0
                         ? (byte)rb.ReadLiteral(8)
                         : (byte)Prob.MaxProb;
                 }
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 {
                     for (int i = 0; i < PredictionProbs; i++)
                     {
-                        fc.SegPredProb[i] = rb.ReadBit() != 0
+                        segPredProbSpan[i] = rb.ReadBit() != 0
                             ? (byte)rb.ReadLiteral(8)
                             : (byte)Prob.MaxProb;
                     }
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 {
                     for (int i = 0; i < PredictionProbs; i++)
                     {
-                        fc.SegPredProb[i] = Prob.MaxProb;
+                        segPredProbSpan[i] = Prob.MaxProb;
                     }
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/Vp9Common.cs

@@ -155,9 +155,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         public bool CompoundReferenceAllowed()
         {
+            Span<sbyte> refFrameSignBiasSpan = RefFrameSignBias.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 1; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
             {
-                if (RefFrameSignBias[i + 1] != RefFrameSignBias[1])
+                if (refFrameSignBiasSpan[i + 1] != refFrameSignBiasSpan[1])
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -173,13 +175,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         public readonly int GetFreeFb()
         {
-            ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = ref BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs;
+            Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBuffs = BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
 
             int i;
 
             for (i = 0; i < Constants.FrameBuffers; ++i)
             {
-                if (frameBufs[i].RefCount == 0)
+                if (frameBuffs[i].RefCount == 0)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
             if (i != Constants.FrameBuffers)
             {
-                frameBufs[i].RefCount = 1;
+                frameBuffs[i].RefCount = 1;
             }
             else
             {
@@ -240,25 +242,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         private void AllocSegMap(MemoryAllocator allocator, int segMapSize)
         {
+            Span<ArrayPtr<byte>> segMapArraySpan = SegMapArray.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.NumPingPongBuffers; ++i)
             {
-                SegMapArray[i] = allocator.Allocate<byte>(segMapSize);
+                segMapArraySpan[i] = allocator.Allocate<byte>(segMapSize);
             }
 
             // Init the index.
             SegMapIdx = 0;
             PrevSegMapIdx = 1;
 
-            CurrentFrameSegMap = SegMapArray[SegMapIdx];
+            CurrentFrameSegMap = segMapArraySpan[SegMapIdx];
-            LastFrameSegMap = SegMapArray[PrevSegMapIdx];
+            LastFrameSegMap = segMapArraySpan[PrevSegMapIdx];
         }
 
         private void FreeSegMap(MemoryAllocator allocator)
         {
+            Span<ArrayPtr<byte>> segMapArraySpan = SegMapArray.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.NumPingPongBuffers; ++i)
             {
-                allocator.Free(SegMapArray[i]);
+                allocator.Free(segMapArraySpan[i]);
-                SegMapArray[i] = ArrayPtr<byte>.Null;
+                segMapArraySpan[i] = ArrayPtr<byte>.Null;
             }
 
             CurrentFrameSegMap = ArrayPtr<byte>.Null;
@@ -366,18 +372,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         internal void InitMacroBlockD(ref MacroBlockD xd, ArrayPtr<int> dqcoeff)
         {
+            Span<MacroBlockDPlane> planeSpan = xd.Plane.AsSpan();
+            Span<ArrayPtr<sbyte>> aboveContextSpan = xd.AboveContext.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxMbPlane; ++i)
             {
-                xd.Plane[i].DqCoeff = dqcoeff;
+                planeSpan[i].DqCoeff = dqcoeff;
-                xd.AboveContext[i] = AboveContext.Slice(i * 2 * TileInfo.MiColsAlignedToSb(MiCols));
+                aboveContextSpan[i] = AboveContext.Slice(i * 2 * TileInfo.MiColsAlignedToSb(MiCols));
 
                 if (i == 0)
                 {
-                    MemoryUtil.Copy(ref xd.Plane[i].SegDequant, ref YDequant);
+                    MemoryUtil.Copy(ref planeSpan[i].SegDequant, ref YDequant);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    MemoryUtil.Copy(ref xd.Plane[i].SegDequant, ref UvDequant);
+                    MemoryUtil.Copy(ref planeSpan[i].SegDequant, ref UvDequant);
                 }
 
                 xd.Fc = new Ptr<Vp9EntropyProbs>(ref Fc.Value);
@@ -395,32 +404,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             // Build y/uv dequant values based on segmentation.
             if (Seg.Enabled)
             {
+                Span<Array2<short>> yDequantSpan1 = YDequant.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<short>> uvDequantSpan1 = UvDequant.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxSegments; ++i)
                 {
+                    Span<short> yDequantSpan2 = yDequantSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                    Span<short> uvDequantSpan2 = uvDequantSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                    
                     int qindex = Seg.GetQIndex(i, BaseQindex);
-                    YDequant[i][0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, YDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
+                    yDequantSpan2[0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, YDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
-                    YDequant[i][1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, 0, BitDepth);
+                    yDequantSpan2[1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, 0, BitDepth);
-                    UvDequant[i][0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, UvDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
+                    uvDequantSpan2[0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, UvDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
-                    UvDequant[i][1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, UvAcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
+                    uvDequantSpan2[1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, UvAcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
                 }
             }
             else
             {
+                Span<short> yDequantSpan = YDequant[0].AsSpan();
+                Span<short> uvDequantSpan = UvDequant[0].AsSpan();
+                
                 int qindex = BaseQindex;
                 // When segmentation is disabled, only the first value is used.  The
                 // remaining are don't cares.
-                YDequant[0][0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, YDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
+                yDequantSpan[0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, YDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
-                YDequant[0][1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, 0, BitDepth);
+                yDequantSpan[1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, 0, BitDepth);
-                UvDequant[0][0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, UvDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
+                uvDequantSpan[0] = QuantCommon.DcQuant(qindex, UvDcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
-                UvDequant[0][1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, UvAcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
+                uvDequantSpan[1] = QuantCommon.AcQuant(qindex, UvAcDeltaQ, BitDepth);
             }
         }
 
         public void SetupScaleFactors()
         {
+            Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = FrameRefs.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefsPerFrame; ++i)
             {
-                ref RefBuffer refBuf = ref FrameRefs[i];
+                ref RefBuffer refBuf = ref frameRefsSpan[i];
                 refBuf.Sf.SetupScaleFactorsForFrame(refBuf.Buf.Width, refBuf.Buf.Height, Width, Height);
             }
         }
@@ -431,26 +451,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
             if (ReferenceMode == ReferenceMode.Select)
             {
+                Span<byte> compInterProbSpan = fc.CompInterProb.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.CompInterContexts; ++i)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.CompInterProb[i]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref compInterProbSpan[i]);
                 }
             }
 
             if (ReferenceMode != ReferenceMode.Compound)
             {
+                Span<Array2<byte>> singleRefProbSpan1 = fc.SingleRefProb.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefContexts; ++i)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.SingleRefProb[i][0]);
+                    Span<byte> singleRefProbSpan2 = singleRefProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.SingleRefProb[i][1]);
+                    
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref singleRefProbSpan2[0]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref singleRefProbSpan2[1]);
                 }
             }
 
             if (ReferenceMode != ReferenceMode.Single)
             {
+                Span<byte> compRefProbSpan = fc.CompRefProb.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefContexts; ++i)
                 {
-                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref fc.CompRefProb[i]);
+                    r.DiffUpdateProb(ref compRefProbSpan[i]);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -469,99 +497,124 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
         public void SetupCompoundReferenceMode()
         {
-            if (RefFrameSignBias[Constants.LastFrame] == RefFrameSignBias[Constants.GoldenFrame])
+            Span<sbyte> refFrameSignBiasSpan = RefFrameSignBias.AsSpan();
+            Span<sbyte> compVarRefSpan = CompVarRef.AsSpan();
+            
+            if (refFrameSignBiasSpan[Constants.LastFrame] == refFrameSignBiasSpan[Constants.GoldenFrame])
             {
                 CompFixedRef = Constants.AltRefFrame;
-                CompVarRef[0] = Constants.LastFrame;
+                compVarRefSpan[0] = Constants.LastFrame;
-                CompVarRef[1] = Constants.GoldenFrame;
+                compVarRefSpan[1] = Constants.GoldenFrame;
             }
-            else if (RefFrameSignBias[Constants.LastFrame] == RefFrameSignBias[Constants.AltRefFrame])
+            else if (refFrameSignBiasSpan[Constants.LastFrame] == refFrameSignBiasSpan[Constants.AltRefFrame])
             {
                 CompFixedRef = Constants.GoldenFrame;
-                CompVarRef[0] = Constants.LastFrame;
+                compVarRefSpan[0] = Constants.LastFrame;
-                CompVarRef[1] = Constants.AltRefFrame;
+                compVarRefSpan[1] = Constants.AltRefFrame;
             }
             else
             {
                 CompFixedRef = Constants.LastFrame;
-                CompVarRef[0] = Constants.GoldenFrame;
+                compVarRefSpan[0] = Constants.GoldenFrame;
-                CompVarRef[1] = Constants.AltRefFrame;
+                compVarRefSpan[1] = Constants.AltRefFrame;
             }
         }
 
         public readonly void InitMvProbs()
         {
-            Fc.Value.Joints[0] = 32;
+            Span<byte> jointsSpan = Fc.Value.Joints.AsSpan();
-            Fc.Value.Joints[1] = 64;
+            Span<byte> signSpan = Fc.Value.Sign.AsSpan();
-            Fc.Value.Joints[2] = 96;
+            Span<Array10<byte>> classesSpan = Fc.Value.Classes.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> classes0Span = classesSpan[0].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> classes1Span = classesSpan[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<Array1<byte>> class0Span = Fc.Value.Class0.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> bitsSpan = Fc.Value.Bits.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> bits0Span = bitsSpan[0].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> bits1Span = bitsSpan[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<Array3<byte>>> class0FpSpan = Fc.Value.Class0Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> class0Fp0Span = class0FpSpan[0].AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> class0Fp1Span = class0FpSpan[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> class0Fp00Span = class0Fp0Span[0].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> class0Fp01Span = class0Fp0Span[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> class0Fp10Span = class0Fp1Span[0].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> class0Fp11Span = class0Fp1Span[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> fpSpan = Fc.Value.Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> fp0Span = fpSpan[0].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> fp1Span = fpSpan[1].AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> class0HpSpan = Fc.Value.Class0Hp.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> hpSpan = Fc.Value.Hp.AsSpan();
             
-            Fc.Value.Sign[0] = 128;
+            jointsSpan[0] = 32;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][0] = 224;
+            jointsSpan[1] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][1] = 144;
+            jointsSpan[2] = 96;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][2] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][3] = 168;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][4] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][5] = 176;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][6] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][7] = 198;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][8] = 198;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[0][9] = 245;
-            Fc.Value.Class0[0][0] = 216;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][0] = 136;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][1] = 140;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][2] = 148;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][3] = 160;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][4] = 176;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][5] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][6] = 224;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][7] = 234;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][8] = 234;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[0][9] = 240;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[0][0][0] = 128;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[0][0][1] = 128;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[0][0][2] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[0][1][0] = 96;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[0][1][1] = 112;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[0][1][2] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Fp[0][0] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Fp[0][1] = 96;
-            Fc.Value.Fp[0][2] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Hp[0] = 160;
-            Fc.Value.Hp[0] = 128;
 
-            Fc.Value.Sign[1] = 128;
+            signSpan[0] = 128;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][0] = 216;
+            classes0Span[0] = 224;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][1] = 128;
+            classes0Span[1] = 144;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][2] = 176;
+            classes0Span[2] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][3] = 160;
+            classes0Span[3] = 168;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][4] = 176;
+            classes0Span[4] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][5] = 176;
+            classes0Span[5] = 176;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][6] = 192;
+            classes0Span[6] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][7] = 198;
+            classes0Span[7] = 198;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][8] = 198;
+            classes0Span[8] = 198;
-            Fc.Value.Classes[1][9] = 208;
+            classes0Span[9] = 245;
-            Fc.Value.Class0[1][0] = 208;
+            class0Span[0][0] = 216;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][0] = 136;
+            bits0Span[0] = 136;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][1] = 140;
+            bits0Span[1] = 140;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][2] = 148;
+            bits0Span[2] = 148;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][3] = 160;
+            bits0Span[3] = 160;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][4] = 176;
+            bits0Span[4] = 176;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][5] = 192;
+            bits0Span[5] = 192;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][6] = 224;
+            bits0Span[6] = 224;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][7] = 234;
+            bits0Span[7] = 234;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][8] = 234;
+            bits0Span[8] = 234;
-            Fc.Value.Bits[1][9] = 240;
+            bits0Span[9] = 240;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[1][0][0] = 128;
+            class0Fp00Span[0] = 128;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[1][0][1] = 128;
+            class0Fp00Span[1] = 128;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[1][0][2] = 64;
+            class0Fp00Span[2] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[1][1][0] = 96;
+            class0Fp01Span[0] = 96;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[1][1][1] = 112;
+            class0Fp01Span[1] = 112;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Fp[1][1][2] = 64;
+            class0Fp01Span[2] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Fp[1][0] = 64;
+            fp0Span[0] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Fp[1][1] = 96;
+            fp0Span[1] = 96;
-            Fc.Value.Fp[1][2] = 64;
+            fp0Span[2] = 64;
-            Fc.Value.Class0Hp[1] = 160;
+            class0HpSpan[0] = 160;
-            Fc.Value.Hp[1] = 128;
+            hpSpan[0] = 128;
+
+            signSpan[1] = 128;
+            classes1Span[0] = 216;
+            classes1Span[1] = 128;
+            classes1Span[2] = 176;
+            classes1Span[3] = 160;
+            classes1Span[4] = 176;
+            classes1Span[5] = 176;
+            classes1Span[6] = 192;
+            classes1Span[7] = 198;
+            classes1Span[8] = 198;
+            classes1Span[9] = 208;
+            class0Span[1][0] = 208;
+            bits1Span[0] = 136;
+            bits1Span[1] = 140;
+            bits1Span[2] = 148;
+            bits1Span[3] = 160;
+            bits1Span[4] = 176;
+            bits1Span[5] = 192;
+            bits1Span[6] = 224;
+            bits1Span[7] = 234;
+            bits1Span[8] = 234;
+            bits1Span[9] = 240;
+            class0Fp10Span[0] = 128;
+            class0Fp10Span[1] = 128;
+            class0Fp10Span[2] = 64;
+            class0Fp11Span[0] = 96;
+            class0Fp11Span[1] = 112;
+            class0Fp11Span[2] = 64;
+            fp1Span[0] = 64;
+            fp1Span[1] = 96;
+            fp1Span[2] = 64;
+            class0HpSpan[1] = 160;
+            hpSpan[1] = 128;
         }
 
         public void AdaptMvProbs(bool allowHp)
@@ -576,41 +629,74 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 counts.Joints.AsSpan(),
                 fc.Joints.AsSpan());
 
+            Span<byte> fSignSpan = fc.Sign.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pSignSpan = preFc.Sign.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cSignSpan = counts.Sign.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> fClassesSpan = fc.Classes.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> pClassesSpan = preFc.Classes.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array11<uint>> cClassesSpan = counts.Classes.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array1<byte>> fClass0Span = fc.Class0.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array1<byte>> pClass0Span = preFc.Class0.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cClass0Span = counts.Class0.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> fBitsSpan1 = fc.Bits.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<byte>> pBitsSpan1 = preFc.Bits.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<Array2<uint>>> cBitsSpan1 = counts.Bits.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<Array3<byte>>> fClass0FpSpan1 = fc.Class0Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<Array3<byte>>> pClass0FpSpan1 = preFc.Class0Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<Array4<uint>>> cClass0FpSpan1 = counts.Class0Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> fFpSpan = fc.Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> pFpSpan = preFc.Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<uint>> cFpSpan = counts.Fp.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> fClass0HpSpan = fc.Class0Hp.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pClass0HpSpan = preFc.Class0Hp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cClass0HpSpan = counts.Class0Hp.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> fHpSpan = fc.Hp.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pHpSpan = preFc.Hp.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cHpSpan = counts.Hp.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
             {
-                fc.Sign[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Sign[i], ref counts.Sign[i]);
+                fSignSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pSignSpan[i], cSignSpan[i].AsSpan());
                 Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                     EntropyMv.ClassTree,
-                    preFc.Classes[i].AsSpan(),
+                    pClassesSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    counts.Classes[i].AsSpan(),
+                    cClassesSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.Classes[i].AsSpan());
+                    fClassesSpan[i].AsSpan());
                 Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                     EntropyMv.Class0Tree,
-                    preFc.Class0[i].AsSpan(),
+                    pClass0Span[i].AsSpan(),
-                    counts.Class0[i].AsSpan(),
+                    cClass0Span[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.Class0[i].AsSpan());
+                    fClass0Span[i].AsSpan());
+                
+                Span<byte> fBitsSpan2 = fBitsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> pBitsSpan2 = pBitsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<uint>> cBitsSpan2 = cBitsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
 
                 for (int j = 0; j < EntropyMv.OffsetBits; ++j)
                 {
-                    fc.Bits[i][j] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Bits[i][j], ref counts.Bits[i][j]);
+                    fBitsSpan2[j] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pBitsSpan2[j], cBitsSpan2[j].AsSpan());
                 }
 
+                Span<Array3<byte>> fClass0FpSpan2 = fClass0FpSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array3<byte>> pClass0FpSpan2 = pClass0FpSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array4<uint>> cClass0FpSpan2 = cClass0FpSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+
                 for (int j = 0; j < EntropyMv.Class0Size; ++j)
                 {
                     Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                         EntropyMv.FpTree,
-                        preFc.Class0Fp[i][j].AsSpan(),
+                        pClass0FpSpan2[j].AsSpan(),
-                        counts.Class0Fp[i][j].AsSpan(),
+                        cClass0FpSpan2[j].AsSpan(),
-                        fc.Class0Fp[i][j].AsSpan());
+                        fClass0FpSpan2[j].AsSpan());
                 }
 
-                Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(EntropyMv.FpTree, preFc.Fp[i].AsSpan(), counts.Fp[i].AsSpan(),
+                Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(EntropyMv.FpTree, pFpSpan[i].AsSpan(), cFpSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.Fp[i].AsSpan());
+                    fFpSpan[i].AsSpan());
 
                 if (allowHp)
                 {
-                    fc.Class0Hp[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Class0Hp[i], ref counts.Class0Hp[i]);
+                    fClass0HpSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pClass0HpSpan[i], cClass0HpSpan[i].AsSpan());
-                    fc.Hp[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Hp[i], ref counts.Hp[i]);
+                    fHpSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pHpSpan[i], cHpSpan[i].AsSpan());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -769,75 +855,115 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             ref Vp9EntropyProbs preFc = ref FrameContexts[(int)FrameContextIdx];
             ref Vp9BackwardUpdates counts = ref Counts.Value;
 
+            Span<byte> fIntraInterProbSpan = fc.IntraInterProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pIntraInterProbSpan = preFc.IntraInterProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cIntraInterSpan = counts.IntraInter.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.IntraInterContexts; i++)
             {
-                fc.IntraInterProb[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.IntraInterProb[i], ref counts.IntraInter[i]);
+                fIntraInterProbSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pIntraInterProbSpan[i], cIntraInterSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
             
+            Span<byte> fCompInterProbSpan = fc.CompInterProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pCompInterProbSpan = preFc.CompInterProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cCompInterSpan = counts.CompInter.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.CompInterContexts; i++)
             {
-                fc.CompInterProb[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.CompInterProb[i], ref counts.CompInter[i]);
+                fCompInterProbSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pCompInterProbSpan[i], cCompInterSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
             
+            Span<byte> fCompRefProbSpan = fc.CompRefProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pCompRefProbSpan = preFc.CompRefProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cCompRefSpan = counts.CompRef.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefContexts; i++)
             {
-                fc.CompRefProb[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.CompRefProb[i], ref counts.CompRef[i]);
+                fCompRefProbSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pCompRefProbSpan[i], cCompRefSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
             
+            Span<Array2<byte>> fSingleRefProbSpan1 = fc.SingleRefProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<byte>> pSingleRefProbSpan1 = preFc.SingleRefProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<Array2<uint>>> cSingleRefSpan1 = counts.SingleRef.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.RefContexts; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> fSingleRefProbSpan2 = fSingleRefProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> pSingleRefProbSpan2 = pSingleRefProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<uint>> cSingleRefSpan2 = cSingleRefSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
                 {
-                    fc.SingleRefProb[i][j] =
+                    fSingleRefProbSpan2[j] =
-                        Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.SingleRefProb[i][j], ref counts.SingleRef[i][j]);
+                        Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pSingleRefProbSpan2[j], cSingleRefSpan2[j].AsSpan());
                 }
             }
             
+            Span<Array3<byte>> fInterModeProbSpan = fc.InterModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> pInterModeProbSpan = preFc.InterModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<uint>> cInterModeSpan = counts.InterMode.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.InterModeContexts; i++)
             {
                 Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                     EntropyMode.InterModeTree,
-                    preFc.InterModeProb[i].AsSpan(),
+                    pInterModeProbSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    counts.InterMode[i].AsSpan(),
+                    cInterModeSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.InterModeProb[i].AsSpan());
+                    fInterModeProbSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
             
+            Span<Array9<byte>> fYModeProbSpan = fc.YModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array9<byte>> pYModeProbSpan = preFc.YModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<uint>> cYModeSpan = counts.YMode.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.BlockSizeGroups; i++)
             {
                 Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                     EntropyMode.IntraModeTree,
-                    preFc.YModeProb[i].AsSpan(),
+                    pYModeProbSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    counts.YMode[i].AsSpan(),
+                    cYModeSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.YModeProb[i].AsSpan());
+                    fYModeProbSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
             
+            Span<Array9<byte>> fUvModeProbSpan = fc.UvModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array9<byte>> pUvModeProbSpan = preFc.UvModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<uint>> cUvModeSpan = counts.UvMode.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.IntraModes; ++i)
             {
                 Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                     EntropyMode.IntraModeTree,
-                    preFc.UvModeProb[i].AsSpan(),
+                    pUvModeProbSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    counts.UvMode[i].AsSpan(),
+                    cUvModeSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.UvModeProb[i].AsSpan());
+                    fUvModeProbSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
             
+            Span<Array3<byte>> fPartitionProbSpan = fc.PartitionProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> pPartitionProbSpan = preFc.PartitionProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<uint>> cPartitionSpan = counts.Partition.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.PartitionContexts; i++)
             {
                 Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                     EntropyMode.PartitionTree,
-                    preFc.PartitionProb[i].AsSpan(),
+                    pPartitionProbSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    counts.Partition[i].AsSpan(),
+                    cPartitionSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                    fc.PartitionProb[i].AsSpan());
+                    fPartitionProbSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
 
             if (InterpFilter == Constants.Switchable)
             {
+                Span<Array2<byte>> fSwitchableInterpProbSpan = fc.SwitchableInterpProb.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<byte>> pSwitchableInterpProbSpan = preFc.SwitchableInterpProb.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array3<uint>> cSwitchableInterpSpan = counts.SwitchableInterp.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < Constants.SwitchableFilterContexts; i++)
                 {
                     Prob.VpxTreeMergeProbs(
                         EntropyMode.SwitchableInterpTree,
-                        preFc.SwitchableInterpProb[i].AsSpan(),
+                        pSwitchableInterpProbSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                        counts.SwitchableInterp[i].AsSpan(),
+                        cSwitchableInterpSpan[i].AsSpan(),
-                        fc.SwitchableInterpProb[i].AsSpan());
+                        fSwitchableInterpProbSpan[i].AsSpan());
                 }
             }
 
@@ -847,33 +973,61 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 Array2<Array2<uint>> branchCt16X16P = new();
                 Array3<Array2<uint>> branchCt32X32P = new();
                 
+                Span<Array2<uint>> branchCt8X8PSpan = branchCt8X8P.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<uint>> branchCt16X16PSpan = branchCt16X16P.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<uint>> branchCt32X32PSpan = branchCt32X32P.AsSpan();
+                
+                Span<Array2<uint>> tx8x8Span = counts.Tx8x8.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<uint>> tx16x16Span = counts.Tx8x8.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<uint>> tx32x32Span = counts.Tx8x8.AsSpan();
+
+                //There is no need for a Span2, as there is only ever 1 iteration
+                Span<Array1<byte>> fTx8x8ProbSpan = fc.Tx8x8Prob.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array1<byte>> pTx8x8ProbSpan = preFc.Tx8x8Prob.AsSpan();
+                
+                Span<Array2<byte>> fTx16x16ProbSpan1 = fc.Tx16x16Prob.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<byte>> pTx16x16ProbSpan1 = preFc.Tx16x16Prob.AsSpan();
+                
+                Span<Array3<byte>> fTx32x32ProbSpan1 = fc.Tx32x32Prob.AsSpan();
+                Span<Array3<byte>> pTx32x32ProbSpan1 = preFc.Tx32x32Prob.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.TxSizeContexts; ++i)
                 {
-                    EntropyMode.TxCountsToBranchCounts8X8(counts.Tx8x8[i].AsSpan(), ref branchCt8X8P);
+                    EntropyMode.TxCountsToBranchCounts8X8(tx8x8Span[i].AsSpan(), branchCt8X8P.AsSpan());
                     for (int j = 0; j < (int)TxSize.TxSizes - 3; ++j)
                     {
-                        fc.Tx8x8Prob[i][j] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Tx8x8Prob[i][j], ref branchCt8X8P[j]);
+                        fTx8x8ProbSpan[i][j] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pTx8x8ProbSpan[i][j], branchCt8X8PSpan[j].AsSpan());
                     }
                     
-                    EntropyMode.TxCountsToBranchCounts16X16(counts.Tx16x16[i].AsSpan(), ref branchCt16X16P);
+                    Span<byte> fTx16x16ProbSpan2 = fTx16x16ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> pTx16x16ProbSpan2 = pTx16x16ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+
+                    EntropyMode.TxCountsToBranchCounts16X16(tx16x16Span[i].AsSpan(), branchCt16X16P.AsSpan());
                     for (int j = 0; j < (int)TxSize.TxSizes - 2; ++j)
                     {
-                        fc.Tx16x16Prob[i][j] =
+                        fTx16x16ProbSpan2[j] =
-                            Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Tx16x16Prob[i][j], ref branchCt16X16P[j]);
+                            Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pTx16x16ProbSpan2[j], branchCt16X16PSpan[j].AsSpan());
                     }
                     
-                    EntropyMode.TxCountsToBranchCounts32X32(counts.Tx32x32[i].AsSpan(), ref branchCt32X32P);
+                    Span<byte> fTx32x32ProbSpan2 = fTx32x32ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> pTx32x32ProbSpan2 = pTx32x32ProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+
+                    EntropyMode.TxCountsToBranchCounts32X32(tx32x32Span[i].AsSpan(), branchCt32X32P.AsSpan());
                     for (int j = 0; j < (int)TxSize.TxSizes - 1; ++j)
                     {
-                        fc.Tx32x32Prob[i][j] =
+                        fTx32x32ProbSpan2[j] =
-                            Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.Tx32x32Prob[i][j], ref branchCt32X32P[j]);
+                            Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pTx32x32ProbSpan2[j], branchCt32X32PSpan[j].AsSpan());
                     }
                 }
             }
             
+            Span<byte> fSkipProbSpan = fc.SkipProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<byte> pSkipProbSpan = preFc.SkipProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<uint>> cSkipSpan = counts.Skip.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.SkipContexts; ++i)
             {
-                fc.SkipProb[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(preFc.SkipProb[i], ref counts.Skip[i]);
+                fSkipProbSpan[i] = Prob.ModeMvMergeProbs(pSkipProbSpan[i], cSkipSpan[i].AsSpan());
             }
         }
 
@@ -916,13 +1070,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             {
                 ref MvRef mv = ref PrevFrameMvs[i];
 
-                mv.Mv[0].Row = mvs[i].Mvs[0].Row;
+                Span<Mv> mvSpan = mv.Mv.AsSpan();
-                mv.Mv[0].Col = mvs[i].Mvs[0].Col;
+                Span<Vp9Mv> mvsSpan = mvs[i].Mvs.AsSpan();
-                mv.Mv[1].Row = mvs[i].Mvs[1].Row;
-                mv.Mv[1].Col = mvs[i].Mvs[1].Col;
 
-                mv.RefFrame[0] = (sbyte)mvs[i].RefFrames[0];
+                mvSpan[0].Row = mvsSpan[0].Row;
-                mv.RefFrame[1] = (sbyte)mvs[i].RefFrames[1];
+                mvSpan[0].Col = mvsSpan[0].Col;
+                mvSpan[1].Row = mvsSpan[1].Row;
+                mvSpan[1].Col = mvsSpan[1].Col;
+
+                Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mv.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                Span<int> refFramesSpan = mvs[i].RefFrames.AsSpan();
+                
+                refFrameSpan[0] = (sbyte)refFramesSpan[0];
+                refFrameSpan[1] = (sbyte)refFramesSpan[1];
             }
         }
 
@@ -938,46 +1098,75 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             {
                 ref MvRef mv = ref CurFrameMvs[i];
                 
-                mvs[i].Mvs[0].Row = mv.Mv[0].Row;
+                Span<Mv> mvSpan = mv.Mv.AsSpan();
-                mvs[i].Mvs[0].Col = mv.Mv[0].Col;
+                Span<Vp9Mv> mvsSpan = mvs[i].Mvs.AsSpan();
-                mvs[i].Mvs[1].Row = mv.Mv[1].Row;
-                mvs[i].Mvs[1].Col = mv.Mv[1].Col;
 
-                mvs[i].RefFrames[0] = mv.RefFrame[0];
+                mvsSpan[0].Row = mvSpan[0].Row;
-                mvs[i].RefFrames[1] = mv.RefFrame[1];
+                mvsSpan[0].Col = mvSpan[0].Col;
+                mvsSpan[1].Row = mvSpan[1].Row;
+                mvsSpan[1].Col = mvSpan[1].Col;
+                
+                Span<sbyte> refFrameSpan = mv.RefFrame.AsSpan();
+                Span<int> refFramesSpan = mvs[i].RefFrames.AsSpan();
+
+                refFramesSpan[0] = refFrameSpan[0];
+                refFramesSpan[1] = refFrameSpan[1];
             }
         }
 
         private void AdaptCoefProbs(byte txSize, uint countSat, uint updateFactor)
         {
             ref Vp9EntropyProbs preFc = ref FrameContexts[(int)FrameContextIdx];
-            ref Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> probs = ref Fc.Value.CoefProbs[txSize];
+            Span<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> probsSpan1 = Fc.Value.CoefProbs[txSize].AsSpan();
-            ref Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> preProbs = ref preFc.CoefProbs[txSize];
+            Span<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> preProbsSpan1 = preFc.CoefProbs[txSize].AsSpan();
-            ref Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array4<uint>>>>> counts = ref Counts.Value.Coef[txSize];
+            Span<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array4<uint>>>>> countsSpan1 = Counts.Value.Coef[txSize].AsSpan();
-            ref Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<uint>>>> eobCounts = ref Counts.Value.EobBranch[txSize];
+            Span<Array2<Array6<Array6<uint>>>> eobCountsSpan1 = Counts.Value.EobBranch[txSize].AsSpan();
 
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.PlaneTypes; ++i)
             {
+                Span<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>> probsSpan2 = probsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>> preProbsSpan2 = preProbsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array6<Array6<Array4<uint>>>> countsSpan2 = countsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array6<Array6<uint>>> eobCountsSpan2 = eobCountsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < Entropy.RefTypes; ++j)
                 {
+                    Span<Array6<Array3<byte>>> probsSpan3 = probsSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    Span<Array6<Array3<byte>>> preProbsSpan3 = preProbsSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    Span<Array6<Array4<uint>>> countsSpan3 = countsSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    Span<Array6<uint>> eobCountsSpan3 = eobCountsSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int k = 0; k < Entropy.CoefBands; ++k)
                     {
+                        Span<Array3<byte>> probsSpan4 = probsSpan3[k].AsSpan();
+                        Span<Array3<byte>> preProbsSpan4 = preProbsSpan3[k].AsSpan();
+                        Span<Array4<uint>> countsSpan4 = countsSpan3[k].AsSpan();
+                        Span<uint> eobCountsSpan4 = eobCountsSpan3[k].AsSpan();
+                        
                         for (int l = 0; l < Entropy.BAND_COEFF_CONTEXTS(k); ++l)
                         {
-                            int n0 = (int)counts[i][j][k][l][Entropy.ZeroToken];
+                            Span<byte> probsSpan5 = probsSpan4[l].AsSpan();
-                            int n1 = (int)counts[i][j][k][l][Entropy.OneToken];
+                            Span<byte> preProbsSpan5 = preProbsSpan4[l].AsSpan();
-                            int n2 = (int)counts[i][j][k][l][Entropy.TwoToken];
+                            Span<uint> countsSpan5 = countsSpan4[l].AsSpan();
-                            int neob = (int)counts[i][j][k][l][Entropy.EobModelToken];
+                            
+                            int n0 = (int)countsSpan5[Entropy.ZeroToken];
+                            int n1 = (int)countsSpan5[Entropy.OneToken];
+                            int n2 = (int)countsSpan5[Entropy.TwoToken];
+                            int neob = (int)countsSpan5[Entropy.EobModelToken];
                             Array3<Array2<uint>> branchCt = new();
-                            branchCt[0][0] = (uint)neob;
+                            Span<Array2<uint>> branchCtSpan = branchCt.AsSpan();
-                            branchCt[0][1] = (uint)(eobCounts[i][j][k][l] - neob);
+                            Span<uint> branchCt0Span = branchCtSpan[0].AsSpan();
-                            branchCt[1][0] = (uint)n0;
+                            Span<uint> branchCt1Span = branchCtSpan[1].AsSpan();
-                            branchCt[1][1] = (uint)(n1 + n2);
+                            Span<uint> branchCt2Span = branchCtSpan[2].AsSpan();
-                            branchCt[2][0] = (uint)n1;
+                            branchCt0Span[0] = (uint)neob;
-                            branchCt[2][1] = (uint)n2;
+                            branchCt0Span[1] = (uint)(eobCountsSpan4[l] - neob);
+                            branchCt1Span[0] = (uint)n0;
+                            branchCt1Span[1] = (uint)(n1 + n2);
+                            branchCt2Span[0] = (uint)n1;
+                            branchCt2Span[1] = (uint)n2;
                             for (int m = 0; m < Entropy.UnconstrainedNodes; ++m)
                             {
-                                probs[i][j][k][l][m] = Prob.MergeProbs(preProbs[i][j][k][l][m], ref branchCt[m],
+                                probsSpan5[m] = Prob.MergeProbs(preProbsSpan5[m], branchCt[m].AsSpan(),
                                     countSat, updateFactor);
                             }
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9/Types/Vp9Decoder.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Video;
+using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
@@ -16,20 +17,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
         public int NeedResync; // Wait for key/intra-only frame.
         public int HoldRefBuf; // Hold the reference buffer.
 
-        private static void DecreaseRefCount(int idx, ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs, ref BufferPool pool)
+        private static void DecreaseRefCount(int idx, Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBuffs, ref BufferPool pool)
         {
-            if (idx >= 0 && frameBufs[idx].RefCount > 0)
+            if (idx >= 0 && frameBuffs[idx].RefCount > 0)
             {
-                --frameBufs[idx].RefCount;
+                --frameBuffs[idx].RefCount;
                 // A worker may only get a free framebuffer index when calling GetFreeFb.
                 // But the private buffer is not set up until finish decoding header.
                 // So any error happens during decoding header, the frame_bufs will not
                 // have valid priv buffer.
-                if (frameBufs[idx].Released == 0 && frameBufs[idx].RefCount == 0 &&
+                if (frameBuffs[idx].Released == 0 && frameBuffs[idx].RefCount == 0 &&
-                    !frameBufs[idx].RawFrameBuffer.Priv.IsNull)
+                    !frameBuffs[idx].RawFrameBuffer.Priv.IsNull)
                 {
-                    FrameBuffers.ReleaseFrameBuffer(pool.CbPriv, ref frameBufs[idx].RawFrameBuffer);
+                    FrameBuffers.ReleaseFrameBuffer(pool.CbPriv, ref frameBuffs[idx].RawFrameBuffer);
-                    frameBufs[idx].Released = 1;
+                    frameBuffs[idx].Released = 1;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -43,22 +44,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             cm.CheckMemError(ref cm.FrameContexts,
                 allocator.Allocate<Vp9EntropyProbs>(Constants.FrameContexts));
 
+            Span<Array10<Array9<byte>>> cKfYModeProbSpan1 = cm.Fc.Value.KfYModeProb.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.KfYModeProb.Length; i++)
             {
+                Span<Array9<byte>> cKfYModeProbSpan2 = cKfYModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < EntropyMode.KfYModeProb[i].Length; j++)
                 {
+                    Span<byte> cKfYModeProbSpan3 = cKfYModeProbSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int k = 0; k < EntropyMode.KfYModeProb[i][j].Length; k++)
                     {
-                        cm.Fc.Value.KfYModeProb[i][j][k] = EntropyMode.KfYModeProb[i][j][k];
+                        cKfYModeProbSpan3[k] = EntropyMode.KfYModeProb[i][j][k];
                     }
                 }
             }
             
+            Span<Array9<byte>> cKfUvModeProbSpan1 = cm.Fc.Value.KfUvModeProb.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < EntropyMode.KfUvModeProb.Length; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> cKfUvModeProbSpan2 = cKfUvModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < EntropyMode.KfUvModeProb[i].Length; j++)
                 {
-                    cm.Fc.Value.KfUvModeProb[i][j] = EntropyMode.KfUvModeProb[i][j];
+                    cKfUvModeProbSpan2[j] = EntropyMode.KfUvModeProb[i][j];
                 }
             }
 
@@ -89,11 +100,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 [12, 3, 3] // a/l both split
             ];
             
+            Span<Array3<byte>> cKfPartitionProbSpan1 = cm.Fc.Value.KfPartitionProb.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < kfPartitionProbs.Length; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> cKfPartitionProbSpan2 = cKfPartitionProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < kfPartitionProbs[i].Length; j++)
                 {
-                    cm.Fc.Value.KfPartitionProb[i][j] = kfPartitionProbs[i][j];
+                    cKfPartitionProbSpan2[j] = kfPartitionProbs[i][j];
                 }
             }
 
@@ -101,11 +116,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
 
             NeedResync = 1;
 
+            Span<int> refFrameMapSpan = cm.RefFrameMap.AsSpan();
+            Span<int> nextRefFrameMapSpan = cm.NextRefFrameMap.AsSpan();
+
             // Initialize the references to not point to any frame buffers.
             for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
             {
-                cm.RefFrameMap[i] = -1;
+                refFrameMapSpan[i] = -1;
-                cm.NextRefFrameMap[i] = -1;
+                nextRefFrameMapSpan[i] = -1;
             }
 
             cm.CurrentVideoFrame = 0;
@@ -124,30 +142,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             int refIndex = 0, mask;
             ref Vp9Common cm = ref Common;
             ref BufferPool pool = ref cm.BufferPool.Value;
-            ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = ref cm.BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs;
+            Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = cm.BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
+            
+            Span<int> refFrameMapSpan = cm.RefFrameMap.AsSpan();
+            Span<int> nextRefFrameMapSpan = cm.NextRefFrameMap.AsSpan();
+            Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
 
             for (mask = RefreshFrameFlags; mask != 0; mask >>= 1)
             {
-                int oldIdx = cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex];
+                int oldIdx = refFrameMapSpan[refIndex];
                 // Current thread releases the holding of reference frame.
-                DecreaseRefCount(oldIdx, ref frameBufs, ref pool);
+                DecreaseRefCount(oldIdx, frameBufs, ref pool);
 
                 // Release the reference frame in reference map.
                 if ((mask & 1) != 0)
                 {
-                    DecreaseRefCount(oldIdx, ref frameBufs, ref pool);
+                    DecreaseRefCount(oldIdx, frameBufs, ref pool);
                 }
 
-                cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex] = cm.NextRefFrameMap[refIndex];
+                refFrameMapSpan[refIndex] = nextRefFrameMapSpan[refIndex];
                 ++refIndex;
             }
 
             // Current thread releases the holding of reference frame.
             for (; refIndex < Constants.RefFrames && cm.ShowExistingFrame == 0; ++refIndex)
             {
-                int oldIdx = cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex];
+                int oldIdx = refFrameMapSpan[refIndex];
-                DecreaseRefCount(oldIdx, ref frameBufs, ref pool);
+                DecreaseRefCount(oldIdx, frameBufs, ref pool);
-                cm.RefFrameMap[refIndex] = cm.NextRefFrameMap[refIndex];
+                refFrameMapSpan[refIndex] = nextRefFrameMapSpan[refIndex];
             }
 
             HoldRefBuf = 0;
@@ -158,7 +180,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             // Invalidate these references until the next frame starts.
             for (refIndex = 0; refIndex < 3; refIndex++)
             {
-                cm.FrameRefs[refIndex].Idx = RefBuffer.InvalidIdx;
+                frameRefsSpan[refIndex].Idx = RefBuffer.InvalidIdx;
             }
         }
 
@@ -166,7 +188,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
         {
             ref Vp9Common cm = ref Common;
             ref BufferPool pool = ref cm.BufferPool.Value;
-            ref Array12<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = ref cm.BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs;
+            Span<RefCntBuffer> frameBufs = cm.BufferPool.Value.FrameBufs.AsSpan();
             ArrayPtr<byte> source = psource;
             CodecErr retcode = 0;
             cm.Error.ErrorCode = CodecErr.Ok;
@@ -178,9 +200,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 // any of the reference buffers, but we act conservative and
                 // mark only the last buffer as corrupted.
                 
-                if (cm.FrameRefs[0].Idx > 0)
+                Span<RefBuffer> frameRefsSpan = cm.FrameRefs.AsSpan();
+
+                if (frameRefsSpan[0].Idx > 0)
                 {
-                    cm.FrameRefs[0].Buf.Corrupted = 1;
+                    frameRefsSpan[0].Buf.Corrupted = 1;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -279,8 +303,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             ArrayPtr<byte> dataStart = data;
             CodecErr res;
             Array8<uint> frameSizes = new();
+            Span<uint> frameSizesSpan = frameSizes.AsSpan();
             
-            res = Decoder.ParseSuperframeIndex(data, (ulong)data.Length, ref frameSizes, out int frameCount);
+            res = Decoder.ParseSuperframeIndex(data, (ulong)data.Length, frameSizesSpan, out int frameCount);
             if (res != CodecErr.Ok)
             {
                 return res;
@@ -292,7 +317,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
                 for (int i = 0; i < frameCount; ++i)
                 {
                     ArrayPtr<byte> dataStartCopy = dataStart;
-                    uint frameSize = frameSizes[i];
+                    uint frameSize = frameSizesSpan[i];
                     if (frameSize > (uint)dataStart.Length)
                     {
                         return CodecErr.CorruptFrame;
@@ -343,7 +368,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Vp9.Types
             return data[0];
         }
 
-        public static CodecErr ParseSuperframeIndex(ArrayPtr<byte> data, ulong dataSz, ref Array8<uint> sizes, out int count)
+        public static CodecErr ParseSuperframeIndex(ArrayPtr<byte> data, ulong dataSz, Span<uint> sizes, out int count)
         {
             // A chunk ending with a byte matching 0xc0 is an invalid chunk unless
             // it is a super frame index. If the last byte of real video compression

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec/Types/Vp9/BackwardUpdates.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Video;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
 {
@@ -34,14 +35,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
         {
             InterModeCounts = new Array7<Array3<Array2<uint>>>();
             
+            Span<Array3<Array2<uint>>> interModeCountsSpan1 = InterModeCounts.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<uint>> interModeSpan1 = counts.InterMode.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
             {
-                InterModeCounts[i][0][0] = counts.InterMode[i][2];
+                Span<Array2<uint>> interModeCountsSpan2 = interModeCountsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
-                InterModeCounts[i][0][1] = counts.InterMode[i][0] + counts.InterMode[i][1] + counts.InterMode[i][3];
+                Span<uint> interModeCountsSpan20 = interModeCountsSpan2[0].AsSpan();
-                InterModeCounts[i][1][0] = counts.InterMode[i][0];
+                Span<uint> interModeCountsSpan21 = interModeCountsSpan2[1].AsSpan();
-                InterModeCounts[i][1][1] = counts.InterMode[i][1] + counts.InterMode[i][3];
+                Span<uint> interModeCountsSpan22 = interModeCountsSpan2[2].AsSpan();
-                InterModeCounts[i][2][0] = counts.InterMode[i][1];
+                Span<uint> interModeSpan2 = interModeSpan1[i].AsSpan();
-                InterModeCounts[i][2][1] = counts.InterMode[i][3];
+                
+                interModeCountsSpan20[0] = interModeSpan2[2];
+                interModeCountsSpan20[1] = interModeSpan2[0] + interModeSpan2[1] + interModeSpan2[3];
+                interModeCountsSpan21[0] = interModeSpan2[0];
+                interModeCountsSpan21[1] = interModeSpan2[1] + interModeSpan2[3];
+                interModeCountsSpan22[0] = interModeSpan2[1];
+                interModeCountsSpan22[1] = interModeSpan2[3];
             }
 
             YModeCounts = counts.YMode;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec/Types/Vp9/EntropyProbs.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Video;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
 {
@@ -46,13 +47,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
 
         public void Convert(ref Vp9EntropyProbs fc)
         {
+            Span<Array10<Array9<byte>>> kfYModeProbSpan1 = fc.KfYModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array10<Array8<byte>>> kfYModeProbE0ToE7Span1 = KfYModeProbE0ToE7.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
             {
+                Span<Array9<byte>> kfYModeProbSpan2 = kfYModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array8<byte>> kfYModeProbE0ToE7Span2 = kfYModeProbE0ToE7Span1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
                 {
+                    Span<byte> kfYModeProbSpan3 = kfYModeProbSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    Span<byte> kfYModeProbE0ToE7Span3 = kfYModeProbE0ToE7Span2[j].AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int k = 0; k < 9; k++)
                     {
-                        fc.KfYModeProb[i][j][k] = k < 8 ? KfYModeProbE0ToE7[i][j][k] : KfYModeProbE8[i][j];
+                        kfYModeProbSpan3[k] = k < 8 ? kfYModeProbE0ToE7Span3[k] : KfYModeProbE8[i][j];
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -60,22 +70,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
             fc.SegTreeProb = SegTreeProbs;
             fc.SegPredProb = SegPredProbs;
             
+            Span<Array3<byte>> interModeProbSpan1 = fc.InterModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<byte>> gInterModeProbSpan1 = InterModeProb.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> interModeProbSpan2 = interModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> gInterModeProbSpan2 = gInterModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
                 {
-                    fc.InterModeProb[i][j] = InterModeProb[i][j];
+                    interModeProbSpan2[j] = gInterModeProbSpan2[j];
                 }
             }
 
             fc.IntraInterProb = IntraInterProb;
 
+            Span<Array9<byte>> kfUvModeProbSpan1 = fc.KfUvModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array8<byte>> kfUvModeProbE0ToE7Span1 = KfUvModeProbE0ToE7.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array9<byte>> uvModeProbSpan1 = fc.UvModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array8<byte>> uvModeProbE0ToE7Span1 = UvModeProbE0ToE7.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> kfUvModeProbSpan2 = kfUvModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> kfUvModeProbE0ToE7Span2 = kfUvModeProbE0ToE7Span1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> uvModeProbSpan2 = uvModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> uvModeProbE0ToE7Span2 = uvModeProbE0ToE7Span1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++)
                 {
-                    fc.KfUvModeProb[i][j] = j < 8 ? KfUvModeProbE0ToE7[i][j] : KfUvModeProbE8[i];
+                    kfUvModeProbSpan2[j] = j < 8 ? kfUvModeProbE0ToE7Span2[j] : KfUvModeProbE8[i];
-                    fc.UvModeProb[i][j] = j < 8 ? UvModeProbE0ToE7[i][j] : UvModeProbE8[i];
+                    uvModeProbSpan2[j] = j < 8 ? uvModeProbE0ToE7Span2[j] : UvModeProbE8[i];
                 }
             }
 
@@ -83,20 +109,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
             fc.Tx16x16Prob = Tx16x16Prob;
             fc.Tx32x32Prob = Tx32x32Prob;
             
+            Span<Array9<byte>> yModeProbSpan1 = fc.YModeProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array8<byte>> yModeProbE0ToE7Span1 = YModeProbE0ToE7.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> yModeProbSpan2 = yModeProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> yModeProbE0ToE7Span2 = yModeProbE0ToE7Span1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++)
                 {
-                    fc.YModeProb[i][j] = j < 8 ? YModeProbE0ToE7[i][j] : YModeProbE8[i];
+                    yModeProbSpan2[j] = j < 8 ? yModeProbE0ToE7Span2[j] : YModeProbE8[i];
                 }
             }
             
+            Span<Array3<byte>> kfPartitionProbSpan1 = fc.KfPartitionProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<byte>> gKfPartitionProbSpan1 = KfPartitionProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array3<byte>> partitionProbSpan1 = fc.PartitionProb.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array4<byte>> gPartitionProbSpan1 = PartitionProb.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
             {
+                Span<byte> kfPartitionProbSpan2 = kfPartitionProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> gKfPartitionProbSpan2 = gKfPartitionProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> partitionProbSpan2 = partitionProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<byte> gPartitionProbSpan2 = gPartitionProbSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
                 {
-                    fc.KfPartitionProb[i][j] = KfPartitionProb[i][j];
+                    kfPartitionProbSpan2[j] = gKfPartitionProbSpan2[j];
-                    fc.PartitionProb[i][j] = PartitionProb[i][j];
+                    partitionProbSpan2[j] = gPartitionProbSpan2[j];
                 }
             }
 
@@ -117,19 +159,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Types.Vp9
             fc.SingleRefProb = SingleRefProb;
             fc.CompRefProb = CompRefProb;
             
+            Span<Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>>> coefProbsSpan1 = fc.CoefProbs.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array2<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array4<byte>>>>>> gCoefProbsSpan1 = CoefProbs.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
             {
+                Span<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>>> coefProbsSpan2 = coefProbsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                Span<Array2<Array6<Array6<Array4<byte>>>>> gCoefProbsSpan2 = gCoefProbsSpan1[i].AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
                 {
+                    Span<Array6<Array6<Array3<byte>>>> coefProbsSpan3 = coefProbsSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    Span<Array6<Array6<Array4<byte>>>> gCoefProbsSpan3 = gCoefProbsSpan2[j].AsSpan();
+                    
                     for (int k = 0; k < 2; k++)
                     {
+                        Span<Array6<Array3<byte>>> coefProbsSpan4 = coefProbsSpan3[k].AsSpan();
+                        Span<Array6<Array4<byte>>> gCoefProbsSpan4 = gCoefProbsSpan3[k].AsSpan();
+                        
                         for (int l = 0; l < 6; l++)
                         {
+                            Span<Array3<byte>> coefProbsSpan5 = coefProbsSpan4[l].AsSpan();
+                            Span<Array4<byte>> gCoefProbsSpan5 = gCoefProbsSpan4[l].AsSpan();
+                            
                             for (int m = 0; m < 6; m++)
                             {
+                                Span<byte> coefProbsSpan6 = coefProbsSpan5[m].AsSpan();
+                                Span<byte> gCoefProbsSpan6 = gCoefProbsSpan5[m].AsSpan();
+                                
                                 for (int n = 0; n < 3; n++)
                                 {
-                                    fc.CoefProbs[i][j][k][l][m][n] = CoefProbs[i][j][k][l][m][n];
+                                    coefProbsSpan6[n] = gCoefProbsSpan6[n];
                                 }
                             }
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/AttributeType.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
 {
+    [Flags]
     public enum AttributeType : byte
     {
         // Generic types.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic/Image/SurfaceReader.cs

@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic.Image
             ResourceManager rm,
             ref SlotConfig config,
             ref SlotSurfaceConfig surfaceConfig,
-            ref Array8<PlaneOffsets> offsets)
+            Span<PlaneOffsets> offsets)
         {
             switch (surfaceConfig.SlotPixelFormat)
             {
                 case PixelFormat.Y8___V8U8_N420:
-                    return ReadNv12(rm, ref config, ref surfaceConfig, ref offsets);
+                    return ReadNv12(rm, ref config, ref surfaceConfig, offsets);
             }
 
             Logger.Error?.Print(LogClass.Vic, $"Unsupported pixel format \"{surfaceConfig.SlotPixelFormat}\".");
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic.Image
             ResourceManager rm,
             ref SlotConfig config,
             ref SlotSurfaceConfig surfaceConfig,
-            ref Array8<PlaneOffsets> offsets)
+            Span<PlaneOffsets> offsets)
         {
-            InputSurface input = ReadSurface(rm, ref config, ref surfaceConfig, ref offsets, 1, 2);
+            InputSurface input = ReadSurface(rm, ref config, ref surfaceConfig, offsets, 1, 2);
 
             int width = input.Width;
             int height = input.Height;
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic.Image
             ResourceManager rm,
             ref SlotConfig config,
             ref SlotSurfaceConfig surfaceConfig,
-            ref Array8<PlaneOffsets> offsets,
+            Span<PlaneOffsets> offsets,
             int bytesPerPixel,
             int planes)
         {
@@ -301,17 +301,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic.Image
 
             if (planes > 0)
             {
-                surface.SetBuffer0(ReadBuffer(rm, ref config, ref offsets, linear, 0, lw, lh, bytesPerPixel, gobBlocksInY));
+                surface.SetBuffer0(ReadBuffer(rm, ref config, offsets, linear, 0, lw, lh, bytesPerPixel, gobBlocksInY));
             }
 
             if (planes > 1)
             {
-                surface.SetBuffer1(ReadBuffer(rm, ref config, ref offsets, linear, 1, cw, ch, planes == 2 ? 2 : 1, gobBlocksInY));
+                surface.SetBuffer1(ReadBuffer(rm, ref config, offsets, linear, 1, cw, ch, planes == 2 ? 2 : 1, gobBlocksInY));
             }
 
             if (planes > 2)
             {
-                surface.SetBuffer2(ReadBuffer(rm, ref config, ref offsets, linear, 2, cw, ch, 1, gobBlocksInY));
+                surface.SetBuffer2(ReadBuffer(rm, ref config, offsets, linear, 2, cw, ch, 1, gobBlocksInY));
             }
 
             return surface;
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic.Image
         private static RentedBuffer ReadBuffer(
             ResourceManager rm,
             scoped ref SlotConfig config,
-            scoped ref Array8<PlaneOffsets> offsets,
+            Span<PlaneOffsets> offsets,
             bool linear,
             int plane,
             int width,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic/VicDevice.cs

@@ -35,18 +35,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vic
                 config.OutputSurfaceConfig.OutSurfaceWidth + 1,
                 config.OutputSurfaceConfig.OutSurfaceHeight + 1);
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < config.SlotStruct.Length; i++)
+            Span<SlotStruct> slotStructSpan = config.SlotStruct.AsSpan();
+            Span<Array8<PlaneOffsets>> setSurfacexSlotxSpan = _state.State.SetSurfacexSlotx.AsSpan();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < slotStructSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                ref SlotStruct slot = ref config.SlotStruct[i];
+                ref SlotStruct slot = ref slotStructSpan[i];
 
                 if (!slot.SlotConfig.SlotEnable)
                 {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                ref Array8<PlaneOffsets> offsets = ref _state.State.SetSurfacexSlotx[i];
+                Span<PlaneOffsets> offsets = setSurfacexSlotxSpan[i].AsSpan();
 
-                using Surface src = SurfaceReader.Read(_rm, ref slot.SlotConfig, ref slot.SlotSurfaceConfig, ref offsets);
+                using Surface src = SurfaceReader.Read(_rm, ref slot.SlotConfig, ref slot.SlotSurfaceConfig, offsets);
 
                 int x1 = config.OutputConfig.TargetRectLeft;
                 int y1 = config.OutputConfig.TargetRectTop;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/BitMapStruct.cs

@@ -27,12 +27,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             bool result = false;
             
-            int masks = _masks.Length;
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+            Span<long> fMasksSpan = from._masks.AsSpan();
+            Span<long> iMasksSpan = into._masks.AsSpan();
+
+            int masks = masksSpan.Length;
             for (int i = 0; i < masks; i++)
             {
-                long fromMask = from._masks[i];
+                long fromMask = fMasksSpan[i];
-                long unsetMask = (~fromMask) & (fromMask ^ _masks[i]);
+                long unsetMask = (~fromMask) & (fromMask ^ masksSpan[i]);
-                into._masks[i] = unsetMask;
+                iMasksSpan[i] = unsetMask;
 
                 result |= unsetMask != 0;
             }
@@ -49,11 +53,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 // Iterate the set bits in the result, and signal them.
 
                 int offset = 0;
-                int masks = _masks.Length;
+                Span<long> rMasksSpan = result._masks.AsSpan();
-                ref T resultMasks = ref result._masks;
+                int masks = rMasksSpan.Length;
                 for (int i = 0; i < masks; i++)
                 {
-                    long value = resultMasks[i];
+                    long value = rMasksSpan[i];
                     while (value != 0)
                     {
                         int bit = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount((ulong)value);
@@ -75,10 +79,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             // Iterate the set bits in the result, and signal them.
 
             int offset = 0;
-            int masks = _masks.Length;
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+            int masks = masksSpan.Length;
             for (int i = 0; i < masks; i++)
             {
-                long value = _masks[i];
+                long value = masksSpan[i];
                 while (value != 0)
                 {
                     int bit = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount((ulong)value);
@@ -94,9 +99,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public bool AnySet()
         {
-            for (int i = 0; i < _masks.Length; i++)
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < masksSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                if (_masks[i] != 0)
+                if (masksSpan[i] != 0)
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -140,9 +147,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 return true;
             }
             
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++)
             {
-                if (_masks[i] != 0)
+                if (masksSpan[i] != 0)
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -201,20 +210,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int endBit = end & IntMask;
             long endMask = (long)(ulong.MaxValue >> (IntMask - endBit));
             
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+
             if (startIndex == endIndex)
             {
-                _masks[startIndex] |= startMask & endMask;
+                masksSpan[startIndex] |= startMask & endMask;
             }
             else
             {
-                _masks[startIndex] |= startMask;
+                masksSpan[startIndex] |= startMask;
 
                 for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++)
                 {
-                    _masks[i] |= -1L;
+                    masksSpan[i] |= -1L;
                 }
 
-                _masks[endIndex] |= endMask;
+                masksSpan[endIndex] |= endMask;
             }
         }
 
@@ -222,13 +233,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             BitMapStruct<T> result = new();
 
-            ref T masks = ref _masks;
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
-            ref T otherMasks = ref other._masks;
+            Span<long> oMasksSpan = other._masks.AsSpan();
-            ref T newMasks = ref result._masks;
+            Span<long> nMasksSpan = result._masks.AsSpan();
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < masks.Length; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < masksSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                newMasks[i] = masks[i] | otherMasks[i];
+                nMasksSpan[i] = masksSpan[i] | oMasksSpan[i];
             }
 
             return result;
@@ -246,17 +257,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void Clear()
         {
-            for (int i = 0; i < _masks.Length; i++)
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < masksSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                _masks[i] = 0;
+                masksSpan[i] = 0;
             }
         }
 
         public void ClearInt(int start, int end)
         {
+            Span<long> masksSpan = _masks.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = start; i <= end; i++)
             {
-                _masks[i] = 0;
+                masksSpan[i] = 0;
             }
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetUpdater.cs

@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             ShaderCollection program = _program;
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Uniform))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Uniform) == DirtyFlags.Uniform)
             {
                 if (program.UsePushDescriptors)
                 {
@@ -692,12 +692,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Storage))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Storage) == DirtyFlags.Storage)
             {
                 UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex, pbp);
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Texture))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Texture) == DirtyFlags.Texture)
             {
                 if (program.UpdateTexturesWithoutTemplate)
                 {
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Image))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Image) == DirtyFlags.Image)
             {
                 UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex, pbp);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineBase.cs

@@ -710,9 +710,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void SetBlendState(AdvancedBlendDescriptor blend)
         {
+            Span<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan = _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int index = 0; index < Constants.MaxRenderTargets; index++)
             {
-                ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend = ref _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[index];
+                ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend = ref colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[index];
 
                 if (index == 0)
                 {
@@ -986,9 +988,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int count = Math.Min(Constants.MaxRenderTargets, componentMask.Length);
             int writtenAttachments = 0;
             
+            Span<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan = _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
             {
-                ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend = ref _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i];
+                ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend = ref colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i];
                 ColorComponentFlags newMask = (ColorComponentFlags)componentMask[i];
 
                 // When color write mask is 0, remove all blend state to help the pipeline cache.
@@ -1167,6 +1171,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int count = Math.Min(Constants.MaxVertexAttributes, vertexAttribs.Length);
             uint dirtyVbSizes = 0;
             
+            Span<VertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan = _newState.Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
             {
                 VertexAttribDescriptor attribute = vertexAttribs[i];
@@ -1179,7 +1185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     dirtyVbSizes |= 1u << rawIndex;
                 }
 
-                _newState.Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions[i] = new VertexInputAttributeDescription(
+                vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[i] = new VertexInputAttributeDescription(
                     (uint)i,
                     (uint)bufferIndex,
                     formatCapabilities.ConvertToVertexVkFormat(attribute.Format),
@@ -1214,7 +1220,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int validCount = 1;
 
             BufferHandle lastHandle = default;
-            Auto<DisposableBuffer> lastBuffer = default;
+            Auto<DisposableBuffer> lastBuffer = null;
+            
+            Span<VertexInputBindingDescription> vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan = _newState.Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions.AsSpan();
 
             for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
             {
@@ -1236,7 +1244,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         int binding = i + 1;
                         int descriptorIndex = validCount++;
 
-                        _newState.Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions[descriptorIndex] = new VertexInputBindingDescription(
+                        vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[descriptorIndex] = new VertexInputBindingDescription(
                             (uint)binding,
                             (uint)vertexBuffer.Stride,
                             inputRate);
@@ -1405,6 +1413,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                 // Look for textures that are masked out.
 
+                Span<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan =
+                    _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < colors.Length; i++)
                 {
                     if (colors[i] == null)
@@ -1412,7 +1423,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend = ref _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i];
+                    ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend = ref colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i];
 
                     for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
                     {
@@ -1421,7 +1432,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         if (colors[i] == colors[j])
                         {
                             // Prefer the binding with no write mask.
-                            ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend2 = ref _newState.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[j];
+                            ref PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState vkBlend2 = ref colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[j];
                             if (vkBlend.ColorWriteMask == 0)
                             {
                                 colors[i] = null;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineConverter.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
-using Format = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Format;
+using VulkanFormat = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Format;
+using GALFormat = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Format;
 using PolygonMode = Silk.NET.Vulkan.PolygonMode;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             AttachmentReference* attachmentReferences = stackalloc AttachmentReference[MaxAttachments];
 
             Span<int> attachmentIndices = stackalloc int[MaxAttachments];
-            Span<Format> attachmentFormats = stackalloc Format[MaxAttachments];
+            Span<VulkanFormat> attachmentFormats = stackalloc VulkanFormat[MaxAttachments];
 
             int attachmentCount = 0;
             int colorCount = 0;
@@ -32,14 +33,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             bool isNotMsOrSupportsStorage = gd.Capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample ||
                  !state.DepthStencilFormat.IsImageCompatible();
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < state.AttachmentEnable.Length; i++)
+            Span<bool> attachmentEnableSpan = state.AttachmentEnable.AsSpan();
+            Span<GALFormat> attachmentFormatsSpan = state.AttachmentFormats.AsSpan();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < attachmentEnableSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                if (state.AttachmentEnable[i])
+                if (attachmentEnableSpan[i])
                 {
                     bool isNotMsOrSupportsStorageAttachments = gd.Capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample ||
-                         !state.AttachmentFormats[i].IsImageCompatible();
+                         !attachmentFormatsSpan[i].IsImageCompatible();
 
-                    attachmentFormats[attachmentCount] = gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(state.AttachmentFormats[i], isNotMsOrSupportsStorageAttachments);
+                    attachmentFormats[attachmentCount] = gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(attachmentFormatsSpan[i], isNotMsOrSupportsStorageAttachments);
 
                     attachmentIndices[attachmentCount++] = i;
                     colorCount++;
@@ -222,13 +226,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int vbCount = Math.Min(Constants.MaxVertexBuffers, state.VertexBufferCount);
 
             Span<int> vbScalarSizes = stackalloc int[vbCount];
+            Span<VertexAttribDescriptor> vertexAttribsSpan = state.VertexAttribs.AsSpan();
+            Span<VertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan = pipeline.Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions.AsSpan();
 
             for (int i = 0; i < vaCount; i++)
             {
-                VertexAttribDescriptor attribute = state.VertexAttribs[i];
+                VertexAttribDescriptor attribute = vertexAttribsSpan[i];
                 int bufferIndex = attribute.IsZero ? 0 : attribute.BufferIndex + 1;
 
-                pipeline.Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions[i] = new VertexInputAttributeDescription(
+                vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[i] = new VertexInputAttributeDescription(
                     (uint)i,
                     (uint)bufferIndex,
                     gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVertexVkFormat(attribute.Format),
@@ -243,9 +249,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int descriptorIndex = 1;
             pipeline.Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions[0] = new VertexInputBindingDescription(0, 0, VertexInputRate.Vertex);
 
+            Span<BufferPipelineDescriptor> vertexBuffersSpan = state.VertexBuffers.AsSpan();
+            Span<VertexInputBindingDescription> vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan = pipeline.Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int i = 0; i < vbCount; i++)
             {
-                BufferPipelineDescriptor vertexBuffer = state.VertexBuffers[i];
+                BufferPipelineDescriptor vertexBuffer = vertexBuffersSpan[i];
 
                 if (vertexBuffer.Enable)
                 {
@@ -259,7 +268,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
 
                     // TODO: Support divisor > 1
-                    pipeline.Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions[descriptorIndex++] = new VertexInputBindingDescription(
+                    vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[descriptorIndex++] = new VertexInputBindingDescription(
                         (uint)i + 1,
                         (uint)alignedStride,
                         inputRate);
@@ -268,15 +277,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             pipeline.VertexBindingDescriptionsCount = (uint)descriptorIndex;
 
+            Span<BlendDescriptor> blendDescriptorsSpan = state.BlendDescriptors.AsSpan();
+            Span<uint> colorWriteMaskSpan = state.ColorWriteMask.AsSpan();
+            Span<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan = pipeline.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState.AsSpan();
+            
             // NOTE: Viewports, Scissors are dynamic.
 
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxRenderTargets; i++)
             {
-                BlendDescriptor blend = state.BlendDescriptors[i];
+                BlendDescriptor blend = blendDescriptorsSpan[i];
 
-                if (blend.Enable && state.ColorWriteMask[i] != 0)
+                if (blend.Enable && colorWriteMaskSpan[i] != 0)
                 {
-                    pipeline.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i] = new PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
+                    colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i] = new PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
                         blend.Enable,
                         blend.ColorSrcFactor.Convert(),
                         blend.ColorDstFactor.Convert(),
@@ -284,12 +297,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         blend.AlphaSrcFactor.Convert(),
                         blend.AlphaDstFactor.Convert(),
                         blend.AlphaOp.Convert(),
-                        (ColorComponentFlags)state.ColorWriteMask[i]);
+                        (ColorComponentFlags)colorWriteMaskSpan[i]);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    pipeline.Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i] = new PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
+                    colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i] = new PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
-                        colorWriteMask: (ColorComponentFlags)state.ColorWriteMask[i]);
+                        colorWriteMask: (ColorComponentFlags)colorWriteMaskSpan[i]);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -298,22 +311,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             uint attachmentIntegerFormatMask = 0;
             bool allFormatsFloatOrSrgb = true;
             
+            Span<bool> attachmentEnableSpan = state.AttachmentEnable.AsSpan();
+            Span<GALFormat> attachmentFormatsSpan = state.AttachmentFormats.AsSpan();
+            Span<VulkanFormat> pAttachmentFormatsSpan = pipeline.Internal.AttachmentFormats.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxRenderTargets; i++)
             {
-                if (state.AttachmentEnable[i])
+                if (attachmentEnableSpan[i])
                 {
                     bool isNotMsOrSupportsStorage = gd.Capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample ||
-                         !state.AttachmentFormats[i].IsImageCompatible();
+                         !attachmentFormatsSpan[i].IsImageCompatible();
 
-                    pipeline.Internal.AttachmentFormats[attachmentCount++] = gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(state.AttachmentFormats[i], isNotMsOrSupportsStorage);
+                    pAttachmentFormatsSpan[attachmentCount++] = gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(attachmentFormatsSpan[i], isNotMsOrSupportsStorage);
                     maxColorAttachmentIndex = i;
 
-                    if (state.AttachmentFormats[i].IsInteger())
+                    if (attachmentFormatsSpan[i].IsInteger())
                     {
                         attachmentIntegerFormatMask |= 1u << i;
                     }
 
-                    allFormatsFloatOrSrgb &= state.AttachmentFormats[i].IsFloatOrSrgb();
+                    allFormatsFloatOrSrgb &= attachmentFormatsSpan[i].IsFloatOrSrgb();
                 }
             }
 
@@ -322,7 +339,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 bool isNotMsOrSupportsStorage = !state.DepthStencilFormat.IsImageCompatible() ||
                      gd.Capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample;
 
-                pipeline.Internal.AttachmentFormats[attachmentCount++] = gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(state.DepthStencilFormat, isNotMsOrSupportsStorage);
+                pAttachmentFormatsSpan[attachmentCount++] = gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(state.DepthStencilFormat, isNotMsOrSupportsStorage);
             }
 
             pipeline.ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount = (uint)(maxColorAttachmentIndex + 1);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineDynamicState.cs

@@ -121,32 +121,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             Vk api = gd.Api;
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Blend))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Blend) == DirtyFlags.Blend)
             {
                 RecordBlend(api, commandBuffer);
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.DepthBias))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.DepthBias) == DirtyFlags.DepthBias)
             {
                 RecordDepthBias(api, commandBuffer);
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Scissor))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Scissor) == DirtyFlags.Scissor)
             {
                 RecordScissor(api, commandBuffer);
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Stencil))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Stencil) == DirtyFlags.Stencil)
             {
                 RecordStencilMasks(api, commandBuffer);
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Viewport))
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.Viewport) == DirtyFlags.Viewport)
             {
                 RecordViewport(api, commandBuffer);
             }
 
-            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.FeedbackLoop) && gd.Capabilities.SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
+            if ((_dirty & DirtyFlags.FeedbackLoop) == DirtyFlags.FeedbackLoop && gd.Capabilities.SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
             {
                 RecordFeedbackLoop(gd.DynamicFeedbackLoopApi, commandBuffer);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineState.cs

@@ -521,6 +521,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                 uint blendEnables = 0;
                 
+                Span<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan =
+                    Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState.AsSpan();
+
                 if (gd.IsMoltenVk && Internal.AttachmentIntegerFormatMask != 0)
                 {
                     // Blend can't be enabled for integer formats, so let's make sure it is disabled.
@@ -530,12 +533,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     {
                         int i = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(attachmentIntegerFormatMask);
 
-                        if (Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].BlendEnable)
+                        if (colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].BlendEnable)
                         {
                             blendEnables |= 1u << i;
                         }
 
-                        Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].BlendEnable = false;
+                        colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].BlendEnable = false;
                         attachmentIntegerFormatMask &= ~(1u << i);
                     }
                 }
@@ -656,7 +659,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 {
                     int i = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(blendEnables);
 
-                    Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].BlendEnable = true;
+                    colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].BlendEnable = true;
                     blendEnables &= ~(1u << i);
                 }
             }
@@ -675,14 +678,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             // To work around this, we reduce the format to something that doesn't exceed the stride if possible.
             // The assumption is that the exceeding components are not actually accessed on the shader.
 
+            Span<VertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan =
+                Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions.AsSpan();
+            Span<VertexInputBindingDescription> vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan =
+                Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions.AsSpan();
+            Span<VertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexAttributeDescriptions2Span =
+                _vertexAttributeDescriptions2.AsSpan();
+
             for (int index = 0; index < VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount; index++)
             {
-                VertexInputAttributeDescription attribute = Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions[index];
+                VertexInputAttributeDescription attribute = vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[index];
                 int vbIndex = GetVertexBufferIndex(attribute.Binding);
 
                 if (vbIndex >= 0)
                 {
-                    ref VertexInputBindingDescription vb = ref Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions[vbIndex];
+                    ref VertexInputBindingDescription vb = ref vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[vbIndex];
 
                     Format format = attribute.Format;
 
@@ -707,15 +717,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
                 }
 
-                _vertexAttributeDescriptions2[index] = attribute;
+                vertexAttributeDescriptions2Span[index] = attribute;
             }
         }
 
         private int GetVertexBufferIndex(uint binding)
         {
+            Span<VertexInputBindingDescription> vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan =
+                Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions.AsSpan();
+            
             for (int index = 0; index < VertexBindingDescriptionsCount; index++)
             {
-                if (Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions[index].Binding == binding)
+                if (vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[index].Binding == binding)
                 {
                     return index;
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineUid.cs

@@ -87,36 +87,44 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                            Id7 * 23 ^
                            Id8 * 23;
             
+            ReadOnlySpan<VertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan = VertexAttributeDescriptions.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < (int)VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount; i++)
             {
-                hash64 ^= VertexAttributeDescriptions[i].Binding * 23;
+                hash64 ^= vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[i].Binding * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)VertexAttributeDescriptions[i].Format * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[i].Format * 23;
-                hash64 ^= VertexAttributeDescriptions[i].Location * 23;
+                hash64 ^= vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[i].Location * 23;
-                hash64 ^= VertexAttributeDescriptions[i].Offset * 23;
+                hash64 ^= vertexAttributeDescriptionsSpan[i].Offset * 23;
             }
             
+            ReadOnlySpan<VertexInputBindingDescription> vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan = VertexBindingDescriptions.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < (int)VertexBindingDescriptionsCount; i++)
             {
-                hash64 ^= VertexBindingDescriptions[i].Binding * 23;
+                hash64 ^= vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[i].Binding * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)VertexBindingDescriptions[i].InputRate * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[i].InputRate * 23;
-                hash64 ^= VertexBindingDescriptions[i].Stride * 23;
+                hash64 ^= vertexBindingDescriptionsSpan[i].Stride * 23;
             }
             
+            ReadOnlySpan<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan = ColorBlendAttachmentState.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < (int)ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount; i++)
             {
-                hash64 ^= ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].BlendEnable * 23;
+                hash64 ^= colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].BlendEnable * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].SrcColorBlendFactor * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].SrcColorBlendFactor * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].DstColorBlendFactor * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].DstColorBlendFactor * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].ColorBlendOp * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].ColorBlendOp * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].SrcAlphaBlendFactor * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].SrcAlphaBlendFactor * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].DstAlphaBlendFactor * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].DstAlphaBlendFactor * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].AlphaBlendOp * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].AlphaBlendOp * 23;
-                hash64 ^= (uint)ColorBlendAttachmentState[i].ColorWriteMask * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)colorBlendAttachmentStateSpan[i].ColorWriteMask * 23;
             }
             
+            ReadOnlySpan<Format> attachmentFormatsSpan = AttachmentFormats.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < (int)ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount; i++)
             {
-                hash64 ^= (uint)AttachmentFormats[i] * 23;
+                hash64 ^= (uint)attachmentFormatsSpan[i] * 23;
             }
 
             return (int)hash64 ^ ((int)(hash64 >> 32) * 17);

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KScheduler.cs

@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                     {
                         KThread selectedSuggestedCore = context.Schedulers[suggestedCore]._state.SelectedThread;
 
-                        if (selectedSuggestedCore == suggested || (selectedSuggestedCore != null && selectedSuggestedCore.DynamicPriority < 2))
+                        if (selectedSuggestedCore == suggested || selectedSuggestedCore is { DynamicPriority: < 2 })
                         {
                             continue;
                         }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KThread.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using ARMeilleure.State;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger;
@@ -685,16 +686,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
             ThreadContext context = new();
             
+            Span<ulong> registersSpan = context.Registers.AsSpan();
+            Span<V128> fpuRegistersSpan = context.FpuRegisters.AsSpan();
+
             if (Owner.Flags.HasFlag(ProcessCreationFlags.Is64Bit))
             {
-                for (int i = 0; i < context.Registers.Length; i++)
+                for (int i = 0; i < registersSpan.Length; i++)
                 {
-                    context.Registers[i] = Context.GetX(i);
+                    registersSpan[i] = Context.GetX(i);
                 }
 
-                for (int i = 0; i < context.FpuRegisters.Length; i++)
+                for (int i = 0; i < fpuRegistersSpan.Length; i++)
                 {
-                    context.FpuRegisters[i] = Context.GetV(i);
+                    fpuRegistersSpan[i] = Context.GetV(i);
                 }
 
                 context.Fp = Context.GetX(29);
@@ -708,12 +712,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             {
                 for (int i = 0; i < MaxRegistersAArch32; i++)
                 {
-                    context.Registers[i] = (uint)Context.GetX(i);
+                    registersSpan[i] = (uint)Context.GetX(i);
                 }
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < MaxFpuRegistersAArch32; i++)
                 {
-                    context.FpuRegisters[i] = Context.GetV(i);
+                    fpuRegistersSpan[i] = Context.GetV(i);
                 }
 
                 context.Pc = (uint)Context.Pc;

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Fatal/IService.cs

@@ -75,17 +75,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Fatal
                     {
                         errorReport.AppendLine("\tStackTrace:");
 
+                        Span<ulong> stackTraceSpan = cpuContext64.StackTrace.AsSpan();
+
                         for (int i = 0; i < cpuContext64.StackTraceSize; i++)
                         {
-                            errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\t0x{cpuContext64.StackTrace[i]:x16}");
+                            errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\t0x{stackTraceSpan[i]:x16}");
                         }
                     }
 
                     errorReport.AppendLine("\tRegisters:");
                     
-                    for (int i = 0; i < cpuContext64.X.Length; i++)
+                    Span<ulong> xSpan = cpuContext64.X.AsSpan();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < xSpan.Length; i++)
                     {
-                        errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\tX[{i:d2}]:\t0x{cpuContext64.X[i]:x16}");
+                        errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\tX[{i:d2}]:\t0x{xSpan[i]:x16}");
                     }
 
                     errorReport.AppendLine();
@@ -110,17 +114,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Fatal
                     {
                         errorReport.AppendLine("\tStackTrace:");
                         
+                        Span<uint> stackTraceSpan = cpuContext32.StackTrace.AsSpan();
+
                         for (int i = 0; i < cpuContext32.StackTraceSize; i++)
                         {
-                            errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\t0x{cpuContext32.StackTrace[i]:x16}");
+                            errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\t0x{stackTraceSpan[i]:x16}");
                         }
                     }
 
                     errorReport.AppendLine("\tRegisters:");
                     
-                    for (int i = 0; i < cpuContext32.X.Length; i++)
+                    Span<uint> xSpan = cpuContext32.X.AsSpan();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < xSpan.Length; i++)
                     {
-                        errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\tX[{i:d2}]:\t0x{cpuContext32.X[i]:x16}");
+                        errorReport.AppendLine($"\t\tX[{i:d2}]:\t0x{xSpan[i]:x16}");
                     }
 
                     errorReport.AppendLine();

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Hid/HidDevices/NpadDevices.cs

@@ -94,6 +94,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid
             primaryIndex = PlayerIndex.Unknown;
             configuredCount = 0;
 
+            Span<NpadState> nPadsSpan = _device.Hid.SharedMemory.Npads.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < MaxControllers; ++i)
             {
                 ControllerType npad = _configuredTypes[i];
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                ControllerType currentType = (ControllerType)_device.Hid.SharedMemory.Npads[i].InternalState.StyleSet;
+                ControllerType currentType = (ControllerType)nPadsSpan[i].InternalState.StyleSet;
 
                 if (currentType != ControllerType.None && (npad & acceptedTypes) != 0 && _supportedPlayers[i])
                 {

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Hid/HidDevices/TouchDevice.cs

@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid
             {
                 newState.TouchesCount = points.Length;
 
-                int pointsLength = Math.Min(points.Length, newState.Touches.Length);
+                Span<TouchState> touchesSpan = newState.Touches.AsSpan();
+                
+                int pointsLength = Math.Min(points.Length, touchesSpan.Length);
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < pointsLength; ++i)
                 {
                     TouchPoint pi = points[i];
-                    newState.Touches[i] = new TouchState
+                    touchesSpan[i] = new TouchState
                     {
                         DeltaTime = newState.SamplingNumber,
                         Attribute = pi.Attribute,

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Hid/Types/SharedMemory/Common/RingLifo.cs

@@ -50,11 +50,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory.Common
 
             ulong index = ReadCurrentIndex();
             
+            Span<AtomicStorage<T>> storageSpan = _storage.AsSpan();
+
             while (true)
             {
                 int inputEntryIndex = (int)((index + MaxEntries + 1 - countAvailaible) % MaxEntries);
 
-                ref AtomicStorage<T> result = ref _storage[inputEntryIndex];
+                ref AtomicStorage<T> result = ref storageSpan[inputEntryIndex];
 
                 ulong samplingNumber0 = result.ReadSamplingNumberAtomic();
                 ulong samplingNumber1 = result.ReadSamplingNumberAtomic();
@@ -92,14 +94,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory.Common
 
             AtomicStorage<T>[] result = new AtomicStorage<T>[countAvailaible];
             
+            Span<AtomicStorage<T>> storageSpan = _storage.AsSpan();
+
             for (ulong i = 0; i < countAvailaible; i++)
             {
                 int inputEntryIndex = (int)((index + MaxEntries + 1 - countAvailaible + i) % MaxEntries);
                 int outputEntryIndex = (int)(countAvailaible - i - 1);
 
-                ulong samplingNumber0 = _storage[inputEntryIndex].ReadSamplingNumberAtomic();
+                ulong samplingNumber0 = storageSpan[inputEntryIndex].ReadSamplingNumberAtomic();
-                result[outputEntryIndex] = _storage[inputEntryIndex];
+                result[outputEntryIndex] = storageSpan[inputEntryIndex];
-                ulong samplingNumber1 = _storage[inputEntryIndex].ReadSamplingNumberAtomic();
+                ulong samplingNumber1 = storageSpan[inputEntryIndex].ReadSamplingNumberAtomic();
 
                 if (samplingNumber0 != samplingNumber1 && (i > 0 && (result[outputEntryIndex].SamplingNumber - result[outputEntryIndex].SamplingNumber) != 1))
                 {

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Hid/Types/SharedMemory/SharedMemory.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory.Keyboard;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory.Mouse;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory.Npad;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory.TouchScreen;
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory
@@ -62,9 +63,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid.Types.SharedMemory
                 Keyboard = RingLifo<KeyboardState>.Create(),
             };
             
-            for (int i = 0; i < result.Npads.Length; i++)
+            Span<NpadState> npadsSpan = result.Npads.AsSpan();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < npadsSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                result.Npads[i] = NpadState.Create();
+                npadsSpan[i] = NpadState.Create();
             }
 
             return result;

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Ldn/Types/NodeLatestUpdate.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
 
@@ -19,20 +20,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Ldn.Types
         {
             lock (_lock)
             {
+                Span<NodeLatestUpdate> arraySpan = array.AsSpan();
+                Span<NodeInfo> beforeNodesSpan = beforeNodes.AsSpan();
+                Span<NodeInfo> afterNodesSpan = afterNodes.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
                 {
-                    if (beforeNodes[i].IsConnected == 0)
+                    if (beforeNodesSpan[i].IsConnected == 0)
                     {
-                        if (afterNodes[i].IsConnected != 0)
+                        if (afterNodesSpan[i].IsConnected != 0)
                         {
-                            array[i].State |= NodeLatestUpdateFlags.Connect;
+                            arraySpan[i].State |= NodeLatestUpdateFlags.Connect;
                         }
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        if (afterNodes[i].IsConnected == 0)
+                        if (afterNodesSpan[i].IsConnected == 0)
                         {
-                            array[i].State |= NodeLatestUpdateFlags.Disconnect;
+                            arraySpan[i].State |= NodeLatestUpdateFlags.Disconnect;
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -45,14 +50,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Ldn.Types
 
             lock (_lock)
             {
+                Span<NodeLatestUpdate> arraySpan = array.AsSpan();
+                
                 for (int i = 0; i < number; i++)
                 {
                     result[i].Reserved = new Array7<byte>();
 
                     if (i < LdnConst.NodeCountMax)
                     {
-                        result[i].State = array[i].State;
+                        result[i].State = arraySpan[i].State;
-                        array[i].State = NodeLatestUpdateFlags.None;
+                        arraySpan[i].State = NodeLatestUpdateFlags.None;
                     }
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Ldn/UserServiceCreator/LdnMitm/LanDiscovery.cs

@@ -77,9 +77,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Ldn.UserServiceCreator.LdnMitm
                 },
             };
 
+            Span<NodeInfo> nodesSpan = networkInfo.Ldn.Nodes.AsSpan();
+
             for (int i = 0; i < LdnConst.NodeCountMax; i++)
             {
-                networkInfo.Ldn.Nodes[i] = new NodeInfo
+                nodesSpan[i] = new NodeInfo
                 {
                     MacAddress = new Array6<byte>(),
                     UserName = new Array33<byte>(),
@@ -230,10 +232,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Ldn.UserServiceCreator.LdnMitm
 
                 NetworkInfo.Ldn.Nodes = new Array8<NodeInfo>();
                 
+                Span<NodeInfo> nodesSpan = NetworkInfo.Ldn.Nodes.AsSpan();
+
                 for (int i = 0; i < LdnConst.NodeCountMax; i++)
                 {
-                    NetworkInfo.Ldn.Nodes[i].NodeId = (byte)i;
+                    nodesSpan[i].NodeId = (byte)i;
-                    NetworkInfo.Ldn.Nodes[i].IsConnected = 0;
+                    nodesSpan[i].IsConnected = 0;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -408,11 +412,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Ldn.UserServiceCreator.LdnMitm
 
         private int LocateEmptyNode()
         {
-            Array8<NodeInfo> nodes = NetworkInfo.Ldn.Nodes;
+            Span<NodeInfo> nodesSpan = NetworkInfo.Ldn.Nodes.AsSpan();
 
-            for (int i = 1; i < nodes.Length; i++)
+            for (int i = 1; i < nodesSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                if (nodes[i].IsConnected == 0)
+                if (nodesSpan[i].IsConnected == 0)
                 {
                     return i;
                 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Nv/NvDrvServices/NvHostAsGpu/NvHostAsGpuDeviceFile.cs

@@ -335,9 +335,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv.NvDrvServices.NvHostAsGpu
                 writeEntries = (uint)_pageSizes.Length;
             }
 
+            Span<VaRegion> regionsSpan = arguments.Regions.AsSpan();
+
             for (uint i = 0; i < writeEntries; i++)
             {
-                ref VaRegion region = ref arguments.Regions[(int)i];
+                ref VaRegion region = ref regionsSpan[(int)i];
 
                 VmRegion vmRegion = _vmRegions[i];
                 uint pageSize = _pageSizes[i];

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Sockets/Sfdnsres/Types/AddrInfo4.cs

@@ -30,21 +30,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Sockets.Sfdnsres.Types
         {
             Port = IPAddress.HostToNetworkOrder(Port);
 
-            RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(ref Address);
+            RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(Address.AsSpan());
         }
 
         public void ToHostOrder()
         {
             Port = IPAddress.NetworkToHostOrder(Port);
 
-            RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(ref Address);
+            RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(Address.AsSpan());
         }
 
-        public static void RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(ref Array4<byte> address)
+        public static void RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(Span<byte> address)
         {
             if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
             {
-                address.AsSpan().Reverse();
+                address.Reverse();
             }
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Sockets/Sfdnsres/Types/AddrInfoSerialized.cs

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Sockets.Sfdnsres.Types
             {
                 // Nintendo hardcode 4 bytes in that case here.
                 Array4<byte> address = MemoryMarshal.Read<Array4<byte>>(buffer);
-                AddrInfo4.RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(ref address);
+                AddrInfo4.RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(address.AsSpan());
 
                 rawIPv4Address = address;
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Sockets.Sfdnsres.Types
             else
             {
                 Array4<byte> rawIPv4Address = RawIPv4Address.Value;
-                AddrInfo4.RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(ref rawIPv4Address);
+                AddrInfo4.RawIpv4AddressNetworkEndianSwap(rawIPv4Address.AsSpan());
 
                 MemoryMarshal.Write(buffer, in rawIPv4Address);
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/UI/Input/NpadReader.cs

@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.UI.Input
 
         public void Update(bool supressEvents = false)
         {
-            ref Array10<NpadState> npads = ref _device.Hid.SharedMemory.Npads;
+            int npadsCount = _device.Hid.SharedMemory.Npads.Length;
 
             // Process each input individually.
-            for (int npadIndex = 0; npadIndex < npads.Length; npadIndex++)
+            for (int npadIndex = 0; npadIndex < npadsCount; npadIndex++)
             {
                 UpdateNpad(npadIndex, supressEvents);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Input/GamepadStateSnapshot.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Input
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         public (float, float) GetStick(StickInputId inputId)
         {
-            Array2<float> result = _joysticksState[(int)inputId];
+            Span<float> result = _joysticksState[(int)inputId].AsSpan();
 
             return (result[0], result[1]);
         }
@@ -62,8 +63,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         public void SetStick(StickInputId inputId, float x, float y)
         {
-            _joysticksState[(int)inputId][0] = x;
+            Span<float> stateSpan = _joysticksState[(int)inputId].AsSpan();
-            _joysticksState[(int)inputId][1] = y;
+            stateSpan[0] = x;
+            stateSpan[1] = y;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Input/IGamepad.cs

@@ -104,25 +104,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input
         {
             // NOTE: Update Array size if JoystickInputId is changed.
             Array3<Array2<float>> joysticksState = default;
+            Span<Array2<float>> joysticksStateSpan = joysticksState.AsSpan();
 
             for (StickInputId inputId = StickInputId.Left; inputId < StickInputId.Count; inputId++)
             {
                 (float state0, float state1) = gamepad.GetStick(inputId);
 
                 Array2<float> state = default;
+                Span<float> stateSpan = state.AsSpan();
 
-                state[0] = state0;
+                stateSpan[0] = state0;
-                state[1] = state1;
+                stateSpan[1] = state1;
 
-                joysticksState[(int)inputId] = state;
+                joysticksStateSpan[(int)inputId] = state;
             }
 
             // NOTE: Update Array size if GamepadInputId is changed.
             Array28<bool> buttonsState = default;
+            Span<bool> buttonsStateSpan = buttonsState.AsSpan();
 
             for (GamepadButtonInputId inputId = GamepadButtonInputId.A; inputId < GamepadButtonInputId.Count; inputId++)
             {
-                buttonsState[(int)inputId] = gamepad.IsPressed(inputId);
+                buttonsStateSpan[(int)inputId] = gamepad.IsPressed(inputId);
             }
 
             return new GamepadStateSnapshot(joysticksState, buttonsState);

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/NonOverlappingRangeList.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
     /// A range list that assumes ranges are non-overlapping, with list items that can be split in two to avoid overlaps.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the range.</typeparam>
-    public class NonOverlappingRangeList<T> : RangeListBase<T> where T : INonOverlappingRange
+    public unsafe class NonOverlappingRangeList<T> : RangeListBase<T> where T : class, INonOverlappingRange
     {
         private readonly Dictionary<ulong, RangeItem<T>> _quickAccess = new(AddressEqualityComparer.Comparer);
         private readonly Dictionary<ulong, RangeItem<T>> _fastQuickAccess = new(AddressEqualityComparer.Comparer);
@@ -196,6 +196,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
             int startIndex = BinarySearch(startItem.Address);
             int endIndex = BinarySearch(endItem.Address);
             
+            for (int i = startIndex; i <= endIndex; i++)
+            {
+                _quickAccess.Remove(Items[i].Address);
+                foreach (ulong addr in Items[i].QuickAccessAddresses)
+                {
+                    _quickAccess.Remove(addr);
+                    _fastQuickAccess.Remove(addr);
+                }
+            }
+            
             if (endIndex < Count - 1)
             {
                 Items[endIndex + 1].Previous = startIndex > 0 ? Items[startIndex - 1] : null;
@@ -213,17 +223,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
             }
             
             Count -= endIndex - startIndex + 1;
-
-            while (startItem != endItem.Next)
-            {
-                _quickAccess.Remove(startItem.Address);
-                foreach (ulong addr in startItem.QuickAccessAddresses)
-                {
-                    _quickAccess.Remove(addr);
-                    _fastQuickAccess.Remove(addr);
-                }
-                startItem = startItem.Next;
-            }
         }
         
         /// <summary>
@@ -240,19 +239,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
                 return;
             }
             
-            RangeItem<T> startItem = Items[startIndex];
-            
             int endIndex = startIndex;
             
-            while (startItem is not null && startItem.Address < address + size)
+            while (Items[endIndex] is not null && Items[endIndex].Address < address + size)
             {
-                _quickAccess.Remove(startItem.Address);
+                _quickAccess.Remove(Items[endIndex].Address);
-                foreach (ulong addr in startItem.QuickAccessAddresses)
+                foreach (ulong addr in Items[endIndex].QuickAccessAddresses)
                 {
                     _quickAccess.Remove(addr);
                     _fastQuickAccess.Remove(addr);
                 }
-                startItem = startItem.Next;
+
+                if (endIndex == Count - 1)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                
                 endIndex++;
             }
             

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/RangeList.cs

@@ -6,37 +6,6 @@ using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 {
-    public class RangeItem<TValue>(TValue value) where TValue : IRange
-    {
-        public RangeItem<TValue> Next;
-        public RangeItem<TValue> Previous;
-        
-        public readonly ulong Address = value.Address;
-        public readonly ulong EndAddress = value.Address + value.Size;
-
-        public readonly TValue Value = value;
-
-        public readonly List<ulong> QuickAccessAddresses = [];
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
-        {
-            return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    class AddressEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<ulong>
-    {
-        public bool Equals(ulong u1, ulong u2)
-        {
-            return u1 == u2;
-        }
-
-        public int GetHashCode(ulong value) => (int)(value >> 5);
-        
-        public static readonly AddressEqualityComparer Comparer = new();
-    }
-    
     /// <summary>
     /// Result of an Overlaps Finder function. WARNING: if the result is from the optimized
     /// Overlaps Finder, the StartIndex will be -1 even when the result isn't empty
@@ -209,43 +178,46 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         public override void RemoveRange(RangeItem<T> startItem, RangeItem<T> endItem)
         {
-            if (endItem.Next is not null)
+            if (startItem is null)
             {
-                endItem.Next.Previous = startItem.Previous;
+                return;
             }
 
-            if (startItem.Previous is not null)
+            if (startItem == endItem)
             {
-                startItem.Previous.Next = endItem.Next;
+                Remove(startItem.Value);
+                return;
             }
             
-            RangeItem<T> current = startItem;
+            int startIndex = BinarySearch(startItem.Address);
-            while (current != endItem.Next)
+            int endIndex = BinarySearch(endItem.Address);
+            
+            for (int i = startIndex; i <= endIndex; i++)
             {
-                foreach (ulong address in current.QuickAccessAddresses)
+                _quickAccess.Remove(Items[i].Address);
+                foreach (ulong addr in Items[i].QuickAccessAddresses)
                 {
-                    _quickAccess.Remove(address);
+                    _quickAccess.Remove(addr);
                 }
-                
-                current = current.Next;
             }
             
-            RangeItem<T>[] array = [];
+            if (endIndex < Count - 1)
-            OverlapResult<T> overlapResult = FindOverlaps(startItem.Address, endItem.EndAddress, ref array);
+            {
+                Items[endIndex + 1].Previous = startIndex > 0 ? Items[startIndex - 1] : null;
+            }
 
-            if (overlapResult.EndIndex < Count)
+            if (startIndex > 0)
             {
-                Array.Copy(Items, overlapResult.EndIndex, Items, overlapResult.StartIndex, Count - overlapResult.EndIndex);
+                Items[startIndex - 1].Next = endIndex < Count - 1 ? Items[endIndex + 1] : null;
-                Count -= overlapResult.Count;
             }
-            else if (overlapResult.EndIndex == Count)
+            
+            
+            if (endIndex < Count - 1)
             {
-                Count = overlapResult.StartIndex;
+                Array.Copy(Items, endIndex + 1, Items, startIndex, Count - endIndex - 1);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                Debug.Assert(false);
             }
+            
+            Count -= endIndex - startIndex + 1;
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/RangeListBase.cs

@@ -4,9 +4,40 @@ using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 {
-    public abstract class RangeListBase<T> : IEnumerable<T> where T : IRange
+    public class RangeItem<TValue>(TValue value) where TValue : IRange
     {
-        protected const int BackingInitialSize = 1024;
+        public RangeItem<TValue> Next;
+        public RangeItem<TValue> Previous;
+        
+        public readonly ulong Address = value.Address;
+        public readonly ulong EndAddress = value.Address + value.Size;
+
+        public readonly TValue Value = value;
+
+        public readonly List<ulong> QuickAccessAddresses = [];
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
+        {
+            return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    class AddressEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<ulong>
+    {
+        public bool Equals(ulong u1, ulong u2)
+        {
+            return u1 == u2;
+        }
+
+        public int GetHashCode(ulong value) => (int)(value >> 5);
+        
+        public static readonly AddressEqualityComparer Comparer = new();
+    }
+    
+    public unsafe abstract class RangeListBase<T> : IEnumerable<T> where T : IRange
+    {
+        private const int BackingInitialSize = 1024;
 
         protected RangeItem<T>[] Items;
         protected readonly int BackingGrowthSize;

src/Ryujinx.Memory/WindowsShared/MappingTree.cs

@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
 
     class RangeNode<T> : IntrusiveRedBlackTreeNode<RangeNode<T>>, IComparable<RangeNode<T>>, IComparable<ulong>
     {
-        public ulong Start { get; }
+        public ulong Start { get; private set; }
         public ulong End { get; private set; }
-        public T Value { get; }
+        public T Value { get; private set; }
+
+        public RangeNode() { }
         
         public RangeNode(ulong start, ulong end, T value)
         {
@@ -47,6 +49,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
             Value = value;
         }
 
+        public RangeNode<T> Init(ulong start, ulong end, T value)
+        {
+            Start = start;
+            End = end;
+            Value = value;
+
+            Color = true;
+            Left = null;
+            Right = null;
+            Parent = null;
+            Predecessor = null;
+            Successor = null;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
         public void Extend(ulong sizeDelta)
         {
             End += sizeDelta;

src/Ryujinx.Memory/WindowsShared/PlaceholderManager.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Collections;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory.PartialUnmaps;
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
@@ -8,6 +9,24 @@ using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
 {
+    public class ObjectPool<T>
+    {
+        private readonly Stack<T> _objects;
+        private readonly Func<T> _objectGenerator;
+
+        public ObjectPool(Func<T> objectGenerator)
+        {
+            _objectGenerator = objectGenerator ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(objectGenerator));
+            _objects = new Stack<T>();
+        }
+
+        public T Get() => _objects.Count > 0 ? _objects.Pop() : _objectGenerator();
+
+        public void Return(T item) => _objects.Push(item);
+        
+        public void Clear() => _objects.Clear();
+    } 
+    
     /// <summary>
     /// Windows memory placeholder manager.
     /// </summary>
@@ -18,6 +37,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
 
         private readonly MappingTree<ulong> _mappings;
         private readonly MappingTree<MemoryPermission> _protections;
+        private readonly ObjectPool<RangeNode<MemoryPermission>> _protectionObjectPool;
         private readonly nint _partialUnmapStatePtr;
         private readonly Thread _partialUnmapTrimThread;
 
@@ -29,6 +49,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
             _mappings = new MappingTree<ulong>();
             _protections = new MappingTree<MemoryPermission>();
             
+            _protectionObjectPool = new ObjectPool<RangeNode<MemoryPermission>>(() => new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>());
+
             _partialUnmapStatePtr = PartialUnmapState.GlobalState;
 
             _partialUnmapTrimThread = new Thread(TrimThreadLocalMapLoop)
@@ -70,12 +92,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
         {
             lock (_mappings)
             {
-                _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(address, address + size, ulong.MaxValue));
+                _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(address, address + size, ulong.MaxValue));
             }
 
             lock (_protections)
             {
-                _protections.Add(new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>(address, address + size, MemoryPermission.None));
+                _protections.Add(_protectionObjectPool.Get().Init(address, address + size, MemoryPermission.None));
             }
         }
 
@@ -214,8 +236,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
                         (nint)size,
                         AllocationType.Release | AllocationType.PreservePlaceholder));
 
-                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(overlapStart, address, overlapValue));
+                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(overlapStart, address, overlapValue));
-                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(endAddress, overlapEnd, AddBackingOffset(overlapValue, endAddress - overlapStart)));
+                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(endAddress, overlapEnd, AddBackingOffset(overlapValue, endAddress - overlapStart)));
                 }
                 else if (overlapStartsBefore)
                 {
@@ -226,7 +248,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
                         (nint)overlappedSize,
                         AllocationType.Release | AllocationType.PreservePlaceholder));
 
-                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(overlapStart, address, overlapValue));
+                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(overlapStart, address, overlapValue));
                 }
                 else if (overlapEndsAfter)
                 {
@@ -237,10 +259,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
                         (nint)overlappedSize,
                         AllocationType.Release | AllocationType.PreservePlaceholder));
 
-                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(endAddress, overlapEnd, AddBackingOffset(overlapValue, overlappedSize)));
+                    _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(endAddress, overlapEnd, AddBackingOffset(overlapValue, overlappedSize)));
                 }
 
-                _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(address, endAddress, backingOffset));
+                _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(address, endAddress, backingOffset));
             }
         }
 
@@ -306,7 +328,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
                     lock (_mappings)
                     {
                         _mappings.Remove(overlap);
-                        _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(overlap.Start, overlap.End, ulong.MaxValue));
+                        _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(overlap.Start, overlap.End, ulong.MaxValue));
                     }
 
                     bool overlapStartsBefore = overlap.Start < startAddress;
@@ -433,7 +455,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
                     unmappedCount++;
                 }
 
-                _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>(address, endAddress, ulong.MaxValue));
+                _mappings.Add(new RangeNode<ulong>().Init(address, endAddress, ulong.MaxValue));
             }
 
             if (unmappedCount > 1)
@@ -628,22 +650,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
                     {
                         if (startAddress > protAddress)
                         {
-                            _protections.Add(new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>(protAddress, startAddress, protPermission));
+                            _protections.Add(_protectionObjectPool.Get().Init(protAddress, startAddress, protPermission));
                         }
 
                         if (endAddress < protEndAddress)
                         {
-                            _protections.Add(new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>(endAddress, protEndAddress, protPermission));
+                            _protections.Add(_protectionObjectPool.Get().Init(endAddress, protEndAddress, protPermission));
                         }
                     }
                     
+                    _protectionObjectPool.Return(protection);
+
                     if (node.End >= endAddress)
                     {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
 
-                _protections.Add(new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>(startAddress, endAddress, permission));
+                _protections.Add(_protectionObjectPool.Get().Init(startAddress, endAddress, permission));
             }
         }
 
@@ -674,14 +698,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.WindowsShared
 
                     if (address > protAddress)
                     {
-                        _protections.Add(new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>(protAddress, address, protPermission));
+                        _protections.Add(_protectionObjectPool.Get().Init(protAddress, address, protPermission));
                     }
 
                     if (endAddress < protEndAddress)
                     {
-                        _protections.Add(new RangeNode<MemoryPermission>(endAddress, protEndAddress, protPermission));
+                        _protections.Add(_protectionObjectPool.Get().Init(endAddress, protEndAddress, protPermission));
                     }
 
+                    _protectionObjectPool.Return(protection);
+                    
                     if (node.End >= endAddress)
                     {
                         break;